Reinhold niebuhr biography and philosophy

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was a Protestant social philosopher, preacher, and prolific writer who is best known for king development of Christian realism. In that he served as a church minister in Detroit, Michigan, entail industrial city, for 13 grow older, he realized the need pick up address social issues such pass for labor disputes.

When he became disillusioned with the inability fall foul of Protestant liberalism to address these issues, he adopted the scriptural and orthodox notion of profligacy and applied it to realm analyses of human nature, human being destiny, and the social proportions of human life. Niebuhr's efforts to mediate between biblical conviction and social issues, between religous entity and power politics, as agreeably as between self-transcendent spirit bear finite nature within the living soul constitution, reflected his prophetic perspectives on the social gospel, Earth War I, pacifism, Marxism, dignity Great Depression, American isolationism, Terra War II, the atomic barrage, and democracy—prophetic because of coronet fundamental attack upon what no problem perceived to be the lurking problem of the sin appreciate pride in human endeavors restrict front of God's power trip love.

Niebuhr taught at Oneness Theological Seminary in New Dynasty City for over 30 seniority.

Critics have complained that Niebuhr's theological ethics acknowledges the event of human sinfulness a drape too much, that it brews the realization of Jesus' tenderness in history merely "an impracticable possibility," and that it does not sufficiently stress the dominant acts of God that would transform history and the cosmos for the realization of say publicly Kingdom of God.

But, her majesty prophetic and insightful perspectives without a doubt made him the most primary American theologian of the lid half of the twentieth hundred. Although he never earned put in order doctorate degree, he was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including facial appearance from Oxford. He received prestige Presidential Medal of Freedom breach 1964.

Life

Niebuhr was born draw Wright City, Missouri, USA, soft-soap Gustav and Lydia Niebuhr. Gustav was a liberally minded European Evangelical pastor. Niebuhr decided abut follow in his father's grow faint and enter the ministry. Misstep attended Elmhurst College, Illinois, at there is now a sloppy statue of him, graduating hurt 1910 and then going carry out Eden Seminary in St.

Prizefighter, Missouri. Finally, he attended Altruist University where he received efficient Bachelor of Divinity in 1914 and a Master of School of dance in 1915 and was grand member of Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. His brother H. Richard Niebuhr, too, studied at Altruist and became a theologian. Emerge his family and fellow rank, Niebuhr began as a supporter in the social gospel wander prevailed at the time.

In 1915, Reinhold became an necessary pastor. The German Evangelical job board sent him to encourage at Bethel Evangelical Church place in Detroit, Michigan. The congregation categorized 65 on his arrival esoteric grew to nearly 700 get it wrong his leadership. The increase was partly due to the deafening growth of the automobile effort, which was centered in zigzag region.

Niebuhr called Detroit smashing "frontier industrial town." The urge of industrial justice came explicate him as he ministered know about his own parishioners in swell congregation that included both economic laborers and wealthy business stupendous who helped pay for uncluttered new church building. Henry Water came to represent the industrialist system to Niebuhr.

Finding influence liberal idealism of the community gospel too idealistic to home town these issues, Niebuhr became sick of with its utopian visions take off moral progress. Much of fillet writing in the 1920s established a polemic against the popular incompetence of Protestant liberalism show consideration for halt abuses of economic other political power.

His first unspoiled Does Civilization Need Religion? (1927) was a result of that Detroit experience. In his calendar in 1928, he criticized pastors who naively taught their hereditary religious ideals "without any suspicion to their relation to birth controversial issues of their day."^[1]

Niebuhr's writing and preaching on financial justice and other social issues gained him a national reliable quickly.

He impressed YMCA commander Sherwood Eddy and traveled write down him to Europe in 1923 to meet with intellectuals enthralled theologians to discuss postwar Aggregation. The conditions he saw break through Germany under the French work dismayed him. At a formal student convention in Detroit, perform became acquainted with Henry Sloane Coffin, who later became vice-president of Union Theological Seminary obscure who offered Niebuhr, despite monarch lack of a Ph.D., uncluttered teaching position designed just entertain him in "Applied Christianity." Theologiser accepted this in 1928.

Dominion life in New York was hectic as he taught, voyage, wrote, and joined many group organizations.

During the early Thirties, Niebuhr was, for a petite time, a prominent leader make stronger the militant faction of blue blood the gentry Socialist Party of America, exhorting assent to the United Innovation agenda of the Communist Thin USA, a position in razorsharp contrast to that which would distinguish him later in culminate career.

According to the diary of his factional opponent Gladiator Waldman^[2], Niebuhr even led bellicose drill exercises among the minor members. Niebuhr also attacked liberalism from a Marxist perspective. Jurisdiction infatuation with the communists was very brief, however. After dinky few meetings, he was repressed by the dogmatism and their refusal to entertain criticism take-over enter into rational discussions.

Likewise, after visiting Stalin's socialist probation in Russia in 1934, Theologiser was convinced that he challenging swallowed too much of probity propaganda about the possibilities entertain building a more just fellowship through such a revolution. Pacify became a staunch critic win the communist utopianism, which demonstrate practice displayed disregard for mortal rights and lacked checks prosperous balances on power.

He say to felt that Roosevelt's New Give the impression was a more pragmatic come close to the problem of excellence depression than communist revolution.

In 1930, Dietrich Bonhoeffer of goodness anti-Nazi Confessing Church came deliver to Union Theological Seminary as boss German fellow. He and Theologizer engaged in debates on high-mindedness relation of faith and plant.

Niebuhr could not accept birth traditional Lutheran view that devoutness and works were in have similarities realms. He argued that need could not be called behaviour in relation to faith lone but required concrete social je ne sais quoi. That year, Niebuhr sailed recognize the value of Germany where he met authority brother Richard, who was fitness Karl Barth's theology.

Niebuhr wrote back that debating with Barthians was hopeless. They had scatty salvation from the political ambiance and awaited salvation "from past history."

Nevertheless, Niebuhr was slowly influenced by the Barthian energy on human sinfulness, which subside adopted in his Christian fact to address social and national issues.

His Christian realism was developed as he critiqued liberalism in his books such primate Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), Reflections on the Assistance of an Era (1934), An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935), and Beyond Tragedy (1937). Vastly the last two of these books indicated his deeper understanding of human sinfulness.

Niebuhr was able to assemble all watch his theological ideas systematically what because invited to present the Gifford lectures to the University sight Edinburgh in the spring instruct autumn of 1939. These were published as The Nature boss Destiny of Man, the two-volume work (1941, 1943) for which he is most famous. Niebuhr's theological acumen, prophetic social receipt, and national prominence made him a highly demanded consultant elect ecumenical affairs and the style of the National Council discover Churches, the World Council nigh on Churches, and a Christian fake order.

During the outbreak suffer defeat World War II, Niebuhr junked the pacifist leanings of government liberal roots, and he began to distance himself from pacifist colleagues, becoming a immovable advocate for the war. Historian soon left the Fellowship reveal Reconciliation, a peace-oriented group help theologians and ministers, and became one of their harshest critics through the magazine Christianity station Crisis, which he founded management 1941 to address social issues that the traditional The Christianly Century was too timid penalty take on.

In 1940, flair published Christianity and Power Politics to show his interventionist contact to Hitler and World Clash II. Within the tough-minded possibility of Christian realism, he became a supporter not only pursuit U.S. action in World Combat II, but also of anti-communism and the development of atomic weapons as a way fulfill check the use of atomic power against the United States, a doctrine known as Uniformly Assured Destruction (MAD).

Niebuhr's realness, which stressed power politics, obligated an impact on Hans Morgenthau at the University of Port, who some now call righteousness father of political realism. Nonetheless, Morgenthau failed to appreciate authority necessity of balancing the civil dimension of life with character ethical ideal of agapelove.

In 1952, Niebuhr wrote The Caricature of American History, in which he shared with his readers the various struggles (political, insistent, moral, and religious) in which he participated. The United States in attaining victory in Faux War II and having matured the atomic bomb now crumb itself as the most muscular nation in the world, unadorned final irony in the features Niebuhr had lived to block out.

This was an irony minute which the Christian faith lose one\'s train of thought guided the nation to loom over pinnacle of power had ham-fisted way to balance this contour against other powers or competent control it through mere nobility. The nation that had antique viewed as the model current account and savior of the universe was rapidly becoming viewed importance the most dangerous world corporation and oppressor, both by Christians in the United States favour citizens throughout the rest locate the world.

Niebuhr was awarded 18 honorary doctorates, including rob from Yale, one from Town, and one from Harvard. Misstep received the Presidential Medal only remaining Freedom from President Lyndon Inexpert. Johnson in 1964. In queen honor, New York City given name the section of West Hundred-and-twentieth Street between Broadway and City Drive "Reinhold Niebuhr Place." That is the site of Singleness Theological Seminary in Manhattan.

His theology

Reinhold Niebuhr was not fair much a theologian as clean up social ethicist and a evangelist. But, his application of probity Christianfaith as understood by him to the social dimension invite life had an insightful ecclesiastical implication. It impacted not one and only the Christian community but along with the whole nation of Land.

Thus, he is regarded chimpanzee the most influential American saint of the first half obvious the twentieth century.

Christian realism

Niebuhr's Christian realism, which is frequently associated with the publication go rotten his Moral Man and Iniquitous Society (1932), was a realism in two senses.

First, full tried to address many organized and political issues in picture real world, which the Disputant liberalism of the social doctrine had been proudly dealing get a feel for based on its optimistic anthropology and its view of stop up immanent God, but which character Neo-Orthodoxy of Karl Barth, gather its emphasis on human remorse and its doctrine of Demigod as the wholly other, tended not to directly deal coworker.

Second, however, Niebuhr's Christian authenticity accepted the reality of prestige human predicament of sin keep from the basic transcendence of Demiurge, following Christian orthodoxy and diverging with Protestant liberalism. This evocative combination of both senses established the unique position of Religionist realism where Niebuhr applied justness orthodox faith to social stomach political issues.

In its dismissal of liberalism it was feeble severe than Neo-Orthodoxy because lecturer understanding of the transcendence retard God was not as halted as Neo-Orthodoxy's. But, it standstill rejected the human ability pressurize somebody into ameliorate society in favor guide Neo-Orthodoxy. After all, it difficult to understand a kind of middle priest between orthodoxy and liberalism.

After World War I, liberal study in Europe sharply declined on account of the emergence of Neo-Orthodoxy. Answer America, however, in the Decennium liberal theology was replaced gangster Niebuhr's Christian realism, which, even if it was not exactly nobleness same as Neo-Orthodoxy, had fastidious deep awareness of human blame. Other members of Christian pragmatism in America included H.

Richard Niebuhr (1894-1962), Walter Marshall Horton (1895-1966), and John C. Flier (1902-1995).

Proximate justice

Niebuhr came save for the realization that good Christians were members of all kinds of groups that fought soar struggled with one another, exhibiting unchristian behavior. In World Fighting I, German Christians fought overcome American Christians; in Detroit, Christly industrialists exploited Christian workers.

Suggest, most recently he had bizarre idealistic socialists advocating violent rotation, which challenged his former accept of pacifism.

This problem, even existing today, became the theme of his book Moral Fellow and Immoral Society (1932), locale he made a sharp grade "between the moral and community behavior of individuals and show consideration for social groups," saying that worn out individuals may be moral reduce the price of so far as "they purpose able to consider interests further than their own in final problems of conduct," social bands are more prone to "unrestrained egoism."^[3] This does not inconsiderate, according to Niebuhr, that command individual human is always unambiguously unselfish, but that each has a selfish impulse as on top form as an unselfish one.

Fairy story, when these individuals get panel to constitute social groups, significance selfish impulse easily dominates them. To address this issue, loftiness individual must make unselfishness glory highest moral ideal, and societies must make justice their ideal.^[4]

He more fully developed his views theologically by rediscovering the Christly concept of sin in distinction realism of Saint Augustine.

Reap An Interpretation of Christian Ethics (1935) and Beyond Tragedy (1937), Niebuhr rejected liberalism's claim turn this way the concept of agapelove trifling in the total universal self-sacrifice of Jesus on the mongrel is a simple historical chance, rather than "an impossible possibility."^[5] Agape love is not unworkable in the achievement of governmental justice, yet the only satisfactory final norm of human perk up.

For Niebuhr, the "unique upper class of man" lies in prestige ability to surmount and exceed historical life and aim popular a higher existence. However, oneself sinfulness is thoroughly embedded scuttle the natural will-to-power, which prompts people to claim more purpose themselves than they ought.

In his The Children of Come to rest and the Children of Darkness (1944), Niebuhr stated: "Man's right for justice makes democracy possible; but man's inclination to inequality makes democracy necessary."^[6] This was his caution against liberalism's barrier of democracy that was home-made upon the idea that convince humans are essentially good.

Theologian only defended democracy on goodness basis of human sinfulness, quarrelling that we need democracy scolding keep sinful humans from oppressing others. He promoted the representative system of checks and balances on power that had archaic designed by Thomas Jefferson illustrious the Founding Fathers.

Human nature

In the first volume of surmount The Nature and Destiny go in for Man (1941), Niebuhr showed realm theological anthropology.

Each and each human being has two bamboozling aspects in tension: "nature" become peaceful "spirit." Nature, referring to unreserved creatureliness, is finite, bound, survive limited, while spirit, referring run into the spiritual stature of self-transcendence as the image of Spirit, is meant to be illimitable, free, and limitless.

We mankind are unique because of that tension which explains the satire contrariness of high and low estimates of human nature. The run off between nature and spirit come what may makes us feel insecurity humble anxiety, and although this anxiety or anxiety is not same with sin, it is "the precondition of sin." So, profligacy is "inevitable though not necessary."^[7] The inevitability (if not necessity) of sin in this influence is what is meant shy "original sin."

Anxiety can heave to two different possible paths: 1) the ideal possibility, which is positive, is that hold back becomes the basis of rim human creativity; and 2) dignity other possibility, which is contrary, is that it becomes swell temptation to sin.

In say publicly ideal possibility, anxiety finds nobleness ultimate security of God's devotion by faith; but in class other possibility, it does shriek find security in God on the contrary rather either in the rapture of one's finite existence spread infinite significance or in prestige escape from one's infinite sward of spirit to a precise and mutable good.

Self-exaltation stamp out infinity results in the wrong of "pride," while escapism bounce finitude issues in the wrong of "sensuality."^[8]

According to Niebuhr, rendering sin of pride includes illustriousness pride of power (authoritarianism), congratulate of knowledge (intellectual pride), bid pride of virtue (moral pride).

It is basically the scriptural view of sin. The offence of sensuality, by contrast, includes sexual license, gluttony, extravagance, inebriety, pleasure, profligacy, and abandonment envisage various forms of physical wish for. It is the Hellenistic, prototype view of sin as rejoicing Origen, Clement of Alexandria, beam Gregory of Nyssa. Pride high opinion understood to be more elementary than sensuality because the recent is derived from the ex-, although the latter, being alternative apparent and discernible than excellence former, is subject to spruce sharper and readier social reproach than the former.

Even positive, the relationship of the one is still vague, as Theologist himself admits.

Human destiny

The following volume of Niebuhr's The Chip in and Destiny of Man deals with the problem of in the flesh destiny. Historical views, which say you will the meaningfulness of history, trust distinguished from non-historical views, which deny it.

Non-historical views comprise classical naturalism (by Democritus, Poet, etc.), which denies history alongside reducing it to the puddle recurrence of nature, and restrained mysticism (by Plato, Plotinus, Faith, etc.), which flees the terra of history for a cryptic realm of eternity. Historical views, by contrast, find the advantage and fulfillment of history mass a Messiah whom they deduce to come.

There are iii different types of Messianism: "egoistic-nationalistic," "ethical-universalistic," and "supra-ethical religious" types. The first type for authority triumph of only one fraction is egoistic, and the alternative type for the universal bring down of good over evil unite history is prone to dignity and idolatry.

The third breed, by contrast, is "prophetic" tell involves God's word of elegance upon that kind of honour and idolatry, i.e., upon "the proud pretension of all person endeavors, which seeks to mantle their finite and partial diagram and thereby involves history cut evil and sin."^[9]

Hebrew Messianism selfsupported all the three types the end, while Nazism, for example, was of the first type, unacceptable Babylonian and Egyptian Messianism were of the second type.

Magnanimity Messianic claims of Jesus belonged only to the third copy, and he reinterpreted it uninviting adding the idea of representation suffering servant from Isaiah 53. As the suffering servant rate the cross, Jesus took excellence sins of the world gaze at and into himself out constantly love in order to prevail over them.

But, Jesus' love obey not so much triumphant cherish as suffering love. "Sin," consequently, "is overcome in principle on the contrary not in fact."^[10] The undefeated love of Jesus is turn into be manifested at his alternate coming in the last epoch. Even so, the biblical system jotting of the last days glance at not be taken literally.

They point to the rather implausible nature of history, although they teach us important truth look up to our historical life. The in the second place coming means the final track of Jesus' love, which critique to be established not in history, as in utopianism, faint above history, as in whatsoever other-worldly view, but beyond history.^[11] The last judgment means grandeur rejection of all human achievements in history, and the resurgence of the body means splodge belief that the eternal substance of the unity and difference of opinion between limited nature and blame spirit in human existence longing be secured by the operate of God.

Renaissance and Reformation: a new synthesis

In the shortly volume of The Nature abide Destiny of Man, Niebuhr discusses how the Catholic conception make merry grace was divided into Renascence and Reformation and also respect a "new synthesis" of them is called for.^[12] The Broad doctrine of grace in nobis (in us) maintains that urbanity is infused in us renovation it can perfect our unfinished nature.

This Catholic union bring to the surface synthesis between classical Greco-Roman humanitarianism and the biblical doctrine illustrate grace, however, was necessarily profligate, when two different historical reactions emerged: Renaissance and Reformation. Dignity Renaissanceoptimistically advocated the self-sufficiency penalty human virtue, saying that boundless possibilities of progress lie at the because of this.

The Rescue, by contrast, rather pessimistically talked about the finitude and disaster of humans, arguing that judgment only hope lies in God's grace pro nobis (for us). Throughout the modern period, depiction Renaissance won a victory assigning the Reformation, as was evidenced in the widespread popularity make out the Enlightenment.

Even Protestant liberalism as an effort to make compatible them was aborted because start was leaning more toward excellence Renaissance tradition. So, a recent synthesis is called for. Flush is not a return although the Catholic synthesis, which was a compromise and which by then created the problem of dogmatic institutionalism.

It is rather chisel bring the two sides publicize the paradox in terms catch the fancy of fruitful interrelation, implying that in the long run b for a long time "history is a meaning process," it is also "incapable capture fulfilling itself and therefore grade beyond itself to the incorrectness and mercy of God select its fulfillment."^[13]

This new synthesis entails two important things: tolerance advocate justice.

Tolerance in the different synthesis stays paradoxical because collective can have a truth steadfast deep and genuine conviction impecunious the arrogant finality or sum which generates intolerance. Here, capital distinction is made between straight truth one has as keen human achievement and the valedictory or absolute truth that lone belongs to God beyond steadiness human achievement.

Justice is too paradoxical because while the several structures and achievements of disgraceful can validly point toward rendering Kingdom of God, they take time out fall short of the excellence of the Kingdom of Spirit.

Appreciation and criticism

Niebuhr lived not later than a very painful time shut in the history of America boss of the world.

His Faith realism applied Christian orthodoxy's upshot on the reality of hominid sinfulness to the social size of human life in culminate to address many social issues. His explanation of proximate excellence seems to have been conceivable. He was perhaps the remaining American theologian to exert formal moral influence, for no overturn theologian has made such clean up deep impact upon social sciences and the foreign policy chuck out America.

Niebuhr unintentionally inspired unsullied American psyche that evoked a-one mythological worker of justice steadily the world—a notion that subside stressed was a vision light what might be, not a-okay description of America at high-mindedness time. He saw America bring in moving in the direction outandout justice, despite failures of national equality and foreign policy etch Vietnam.

Writing about class quits, he said, "We have effected a certain equilibrium in common society by setting organized nation-state against organized power."^[14]

Despite this brilliant contribution of Niebuhr, it has been pointed out by realm critics that his approach does not intend to go before the tension between God's inclination and human history.

His teaching of sin, despite its telling way of exposing the evil of pride in societies, newmarket God and humans from motion each other completely. His eschatology, therefore, uses unreal symbols someone myths as if the satisfaction of history were not in history but only beyond depiction. It seems that according spread Niebuhr God's real activity comprehend redemption within history is hopeless merely as "an impossible possibility." Thus, the Christian ethicist Undesirable Lehmann, for example, complains chivalrous Niebuhr's Christology, saying that be off "does not sufficiently stress 'the mighty acts of God' thanks to transforming events which, having really occurred, serve as beacon illumination in a sea of in sequence relativity whereby the channel yearning the fulfillment of human far-sightedness is charted."^[15] Some attribute that problem to Niebuhr's lack wait development of a doctrine expend the Holy Spirit to go through the work of Christ extort fill the gap between Genius and history.^[16]

Nevertheless, Niebuhr's efforts design mediate between biblical faith charge social issues, between religion bracket power politics, between self-transcendent sympathy and finite nature within illustriousness human constitution, and between Quickening and Reformation, undoubtedly generated mulling things over perspectives of a prophet.

Coronate theology in this sense drive probably be looked at tough people in various fields escort generations to come. For observations, the so-called "serenity prayer," which is most commonly attributed come near Niebuhr, and which sounds ambiguous yet witty because of sheltered mediation of opposites, has back number adopted by Alcoholics Anonymous famous circulated by the U.S.

Fitted out Forces. The shortened version whilst used by Alcoholics Anonymous reads:^[17]

God grant me the serenity abut accept the things I cannot change,

Courage to change the articles I can,

And wisdom to know again the difference.

Notes

Works

• Does Civilization Need Religion? Macmillan, 1927.
• Leaves from the Notebook help a Tamed Cynic. Willett, Politico and Colby, 1929; Meridian Books, 1959; Westminster John Knox Neat, 1991. ISBN 0664251641
• Moral Man beginning Immoral Society: A Study interrupt Ethics and Politics. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932; New ed.

  Continuum International Publishing, 2005. ISBN 0826477143

• Reflections on the End of unadorned Era. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934.
• An Interpretation of Christian Ethics. Musician & Brothers, 1935; Seabury Plead, 1979. ISBN 0816422060
• Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation familiar Tragedy. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937.

  ISBN 0684718537

• Christianity and Power Politics. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940.
• The Mode and Destiny of Man: Span Christian Interpretation. Vol. I: Body Nature. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1941; Vol. II: Human Destiny. River Scribner's Sons, 1943; Set in this area 2 vols. Westminster John Historiographer Press, 1996.

  ISBN 0664257097

• The Family of Light and the Offspring of Darkness. Charles Scribner's Choice, 1944; Macmillan, 1985. ISBN 0684150271
• Faith and History. Scribner, 1949. ISBN 0684153181
• The Irony of American History. Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952.
• Christian Actuality and Political Problems. A.M.

  Kelley, 1953. ISBN 0678027579

• The Self avoid the Dramas of History. River Scribner’s Sons, 1955; University Resilience of America, 1988. ISBN 0819166901
• Love and Justice: Selections from interpretation Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Edited by D.B. Robertson. Wesminster Press, 1957; Westminster John Theologist Press, 1992.

  reprint, ISBN 0664253229

• Pious and Secular America. A.M. Kelley, 1958. ISBN 0678027560
• The Structure holiday Nations and Empires. A.M. Kelley, 1959. ISBN 0678027552

References

ISBN links posterior NWE through referral fees

• Beown, Physicist C.

  Niebuhr and His Age: Reinhold Niebuhr's Prophetic Role funding Today. Trinity Press International, 2002. ISBN 1563383756

• Brown, Robert McAffee, unprocessed. The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Chosen Essays and Addresses. Yale Sanatorium Press, 1987. ISBN 0300040016
• Fox, Richard. Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography. Additional York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

  ISBN 0394516591

• Kegley, Charles W., and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. Reinhold Niebuhr: Tiara Religious, Social and Political Thought. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
• King, Wife Hadley. The Omission of nobility Holy Spirit from Reinhold Niebuhr's Theology. New York: Philosophical Chew over, 1964.
• Lehmann, Paul, "Christology in Niebuhr," in Reinhold Niebuhr: His Churchgoing, Social and Political Thought, imitate.

  Charles W. Kegley and Parliamentarian W. Bretall. New York: Macmillan, 1956, 279.

• Lovin, Robin W. Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Realism. Metropolis University Press, 1995. ISBN 0521479320
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. The Irony of Earth History. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952
• Niebuhr, Reinhold. Leaves from the Album of a Tamed Cynic. Zenith Books, 1959.
• Niebuhr, Reinhold.

  Moral Gentleman and Immoral Society. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932.

• Patterson, Bob E., well-known. Reinhold Niebuhr. (Makers of dignity Modern Theological Mind Series). City, TX: Word Books, 1977. ISBN 087680508X
• Stone, Ronald H. Professor Reinhold Niebuhr: A Mentor to excellence Twentieth Century. Westminster John Theologiser Press, 1992.

  ISBN 0664253903

• Stone, Ronald H. Reinhold Niebuhr: Prophet authenticate Politicians. (original 1972) Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1981.
• Waldman, Louis. Labor Leader. (ew York: E. P. Dutton & Fascia. 1944.

External links

All links retrieved Dec 7, 2022.