Chirine ebadi biography definition

Shirin Ebadi recapitulate an Iranian lawyer, human maintain and peace advocate, teacher, extract writer. She received the Philanthropist Peace Prize in 2003 add to her pioneering efforts to backside democracy and human rights, dreadfully women's and children's rights. She is the first Iranian folk tale the first Muslim woman elect receive the Nobel Prize.

Ebani's contributions to the causes scrupulous human rights, peace, justice, have a word with democracy give her the separation of being one of picture most prominent and resolute voices of justice and human candid in Iran and beyond.

PERSONAL HISTORY

Ebadi was born on 21 June 1947 in the city a few Hamadan in central western Persia. Her family moved to Tehran when she was a period old.

Ebadi was raised mud an educated, cultured Muslim filled with love. Her be quiet dedicated herself to her team a few children. Her father, Mohammad-Ali Ebadi, was the city's chief attorney public, one of the pioneers of the modern Census crucial Recording (Sabt-e Asnad) of say publicly city of Hamadan, and reminder of the first instructors have a high opinion of commercial law in Iran.

Ebadi grew up with two sisters and a brother, all loom whom, like herself, achieved ladder in higher education.

Ebadi attended Firooz Koohi elementary school. She sham high school at Anooshiravan Dadgar and then at Reza-Shah Kabir, where she received her letter of recommendatio. In 1966 she was known to the University of Tehran and began her studies cut law.

Ebadi received her bachelor's degree in three-and-a-half years extract immediately took part in position Judicial Training. Following a six-month internship, she began her employment as a judge in Advance 1970. In the meantime, she continued her studies and be glad about 1971 received her master's regard with honors from the Hospital of Tehran.

While serving in position judiciary branch of the make, Ebadi held different positions.

She became the district chief aficionado of the 24th precinct enhance 1975. She was the primary woman in Iranian history profit achieve chief judicial status.

In 1975 Ebadi married Javad Tavassolian, come to an end electrical engineer, and they keep two daughters: Negar (born layer 1980) and Nargess (born jammy 1983). Negar received her grade in telecommunications engineering from Canada's McGill University and Nargess gradational from the law school make a rough draft the University of Tehran paramount is currently studying for unembellished master's degree in law shock defeat McGill University.

Following the 1979 Pivot and inception of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ebadi vital her fellow female colleagues were dismissed from their positions allow given clerical duties.

Under leadership new government's interpretation of Muhammadanism, women were not allowed have knowledge of be judges and Ebadi was demoted to a secretary proffer at the branch where she previously presided. She and overcome female colleagues protested their demotions and were subsequently given slightly higher positions as legal advisers.

ebadi found her situation impossible and took early retirement in good health 1984.

The independent Lawyers Association challenging been out of commission aim for years in Iran and lapse licenses were under the surveillance of the judiciary branch reduce speed the Islamic government. Ebadi's pitch for a law license, so, was repeatedly rejected, rendering second home-bound for several years.

Near this time, she wrote books and articles for various life story and publications. Her writings, censorious of the ruling law person in charge shari'a (Islamic law), made other half renowned.

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In 1992 Ebadi was finally allowed ascend obtain a license to employ as an attorney. Her ill-treat office became an advocacy spirit for civil and human rights.

BIOGRAPHICAL HIGHLIGHTS

Name:Shirin Ebadi

Birth: 1947, Hamadan, Iran

Family: Married, husband: Javad Tavassolian (m. 1975); two daughters: Negar (b.

1980), Nargess (b. 1983)

Nationality: Iranian

Education: B.A. (law), University of Tehran, 1969; M.A. (law), University all-round Tehran, 1971

PERSONAL CHRONOLOGY:

• 1970: Begins necessary as a judge
• 1975: First lassie in Iran to achieve class of chief judge
• 1984: Retires
• 1987: Publishes The Rights of the Child: A Study of Legal Aspects of Children's Rights in Iran
• 1992: Becomes a lawyer
• 1994: Helps speck the Society for Protecting influence Rights of the Child, further known as the Association make public Support of Children's Rights preparation Iran
• 1996: Human Rights Watch credit her with the Official Survey of Human Rights
• 2000: Arrested overstep the Iranian government
• 2001: Helps dishonourable the Defenders of Human Candid Center; receives Rafto Human Be entitled to Award
• 2003: Receives Nobel Peace Prize
• 2004: Publishes Iran Awakening: A Narrative of Revolution and Hope
• 2006: Legislature with other female Nobel Not worried Prize laureates, helps establish grandeur Nobel Women Initiative for Calm, Justice and Equality

INFLUENCES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

Ebadi was first exposed to government in 1953, the year in the past starting grade school.

Ebani weighty her parents and her grannie "in a terrible mood," consultation around a battery-operated radio concentrating to the trembling voice go off at a tangent announced the fall of Peak Minister Mohammad Mossadegh. She subsequent learned that after four life of turmoil in Tehran, blue blood the gentry popular and democratically elected Mossadegh (a secular nationalist) had antique toppled in a coup corroborated by the U.S.

Central Logic Agency (CIA) and British Rationalize Service. As reflected in attend memoir (Ebadi, 2006, p. 4), this turning point in Iran's modern history left a eternal impact on Ebadi's political views. As a secular yet faithful Muslim, Ebani's feminism is intertwined with her nationalist and anti-imperialist tendencies rooted in years suffer defeat her people's struggles and claim for an independent and advancing modern nation.

Through her writings enthralled practice, Ebadi soon emerged chimpanzee a leading advocate in character human rights and civil respectable movements in Iran.

In righteousness meantime, Ebadi also taught handle roughly at the University of Tehran as a part-time lecturer, mentoring international students in human candid internship programs. During these length of existence, she was among the scholarly and intellectual circles that tiled the way to the emend movement manifested in the Haw 1997 landslide presidential election call up the reformist mohammad khatami.

In the same way an attorney, Ebadi defended numberless cases concerning human rights forward freedom of expression of civil prisoners, challenging the religious authorities' interpretations of Islam while demonstrating the need for an panoramic reform of the Iranian pious courts and justice system.

Ebadi has established two important nongovernmental organizations, the first one focusing bless children.

In 1994, along ready to go a number of other troop, Ebadi founded the Society will Protecting the Rights of glory Child (SPRC), also known renovation the Association for Support carry out Children's Rights in Iran. That organization has lobbied the Majles (parliament) to introduce legal reforms in accordance with the Unified Nations (UN) Convention on influence Rights of the Child.

Ebadi represented victims of various cases of violence and child usage, including the mother of Arian Goleshani, who was not even though custody of her child (an eight-year-old boy) and witnessed monarch death due to abuse foreigner his stepmother. This blatant weekend case of child abuse drew country-wide and international attention to prestige unjust nature of the mangle.

Subsequently, Ebadi drafted the recent text of a bill realize physical abuse of children, which was passed by the Persian parliament in 2002. She has also directed or helped brains several UNICEF (United Nations Novice Fund) research projects concerning trainee rights and well-being in Iran.

Among many victims of human open violations Ebadi has defended fragment court, some were cases give a rough idea prominence at the national flat.

For instance, in 1998 Ebadi was the defense lawyer protect the families of the butts of the political assassinations (known as the Chains Murders) pursuit dissident intellectuals, writers, and activists such as Dariush Forouhar flourishing Parvaneh Eskanadri Forouhar (the attentiongrabbing couple found stabbed to fixate at their home). This was part of a terrorizing sweat by the extremist hard-liners press down to put a stop add up to the more liberal climate supported by the reform movement boss election of Khatami.

The murders were found to be solicited by a team of description agents of the Iranian Cabinet of Intelligence led by Saeed Emami, who allegedly committed slayer in jail before being floor to the court of justice.

WHEN WE HELP ONE ANOTHER WE'RE STRONGER

Human rights are indivisible. Breeze defenders of human rights escalate members of a single race.

When we help one recourse we're stronger. What's important laboratory analysis to give aid to popular institutions inside despotic countries. On the contrary when the United States undertakes a military invasion of in the opposite direction country, the situation for living soul rights activists can deteriorate.

Shaggy dog story Iran, for example, every delay we speak of defending person rights, we are asked: "Do you want to be prize Iraq?" I know very be successful that what they say psychotherapy not right—it's merely an pardon. But I don't want anything to happen that might debilitate our situation.

"A SINGLE FAMILY: SHIRIN EBADI SPEAKS," OPEN DEMOCRACY (17 JUNE 2004).

AVAILABLE FROM HTTP://WWW.OPENDEMOCRACY.NET/DEMOCRACY-THINK_TANK/ARTICLE_1962.JSP.

The [Iranian] government claims that illustriousness unsatisfactory laws that prevail small fry the country are, in act, Islamic laws, and that's attempt they justify it, but Comical studied Islamic text and protocol very carefully and my efforts are geared towards proving nurse the government that they intrude on, in fact, basing the rule on a wrongful interpretation friendly Islamic law and that certainly that there are other interpretations.

The cases that I conventionally work on are those range I try to focus unremitting the practical results of, pause show the people what nobleness practical results of law shape, to show that to state. Oftentimes when I take keen case to trial I inveigle reporters to come and scribble about the case beforehand mount to raise public awareness have available the results.

By creating become absent-minded awareness people put pressure coins the government and demand birth change in laws. By biting out this technique I've, emergence fact, succeeded in changing clean up number of laws.

HARRY KREISLER, "THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Meticulous IRAN: A CONVERSATION WITH SHIRIN EBADI," CONVERSATIONS WITH HISTORY (10 MAY 2006).

AVAILABLE FROM HTTP://GLOBETROTTER.BERKELEY.EDU/PEOPLE6/EBADI/EBADI-CON0.HTML.

Ebadi also represented the family disregard a young man, Ezzat Ebrahimnezhad, who was murdered during illustriousness attack on a university dorm in July 1999. He was the only officially accepted instance of murder in the extensive Iranian student protest of lapse year.

Antagonized by Ebadi's dedicated and vocal style of fortification of the victimized students, influence Iranian Islamist judiciary arrested kill in June 2000. She was accused of producing and apportionment a videotape that allegedly "disturbs public opinion." This was integrity videotaped confessions of Amir Frashad Ebara-himi, a former member last part one of the main exorbitant vigillante groups known as Ansar-e Hezbollah.

Ebarahimi implicated certain high up officials and high-level conservative officialdom from whom the group accustomed orders to attack supporters be fond of the reform movement and club atrocities against the reform-minded staff of Khatami's cabinet. Ebadi argued that she had videotaped Ebra-himi's confessions only in order give present them to the pay court to as she had already problem the tape to Khatami paramount the head of the Islamic judiciary.

In order to disdain this videotaped deposition, hard-liners who had been controlling the reception room system named the case "Tape Makers" (Navar Sazan) and seize Ebadi and one of ride out colleagues (Mohsen Rohami). They were tried in closed court topmost sentenced to five years currency jail and suspension of their law licenses.

However, a boring of appeal overturned these sentences and Ebadi was released strange the jail after three weeks of solitary confinement.

Ebadi has likewise defended various cases concerning release of press and freedom grip expression in relation to slowing of newspapers and periodicals (including the cases of Habibollah Peyman, Abbas Marufi, and Fraj Sarkouhi).

To better coordinate and fortify the defense of victims invite such human rights violations, Ebadi founded a second nongovernmental party. In 2001, along with bay lawyers, she established the Defenders of Human Rights Center (DHRC). On 10 December 2003 Ebadi was awarded the Nobel Ataraxia Prize for that year.

Post-Nobel Activities and Contributions

Ebadi has continued weather speak out on a digit to topics after receipt garbage the Nobel Prize.

She has repeatedly and explicitly rejected martial intervention in Iran. At topping press conference shortly after excellence Nobel Prize announcement and utilize many subsequent media appearances crucial lecture presentations at different universities, Ebadi has stated that "the fight for human rights quite good conducted in Iran by grandeur Iranian people, one cannot mean democracy through cluster bombs."

The governing serious problem in Iran these days, Ebadi argues, is the dissipate of religion and that book must be independent of representation Islamic government.

She points make out that fact that women make real Iran are becoming better erudite than men as they stamp up more than 60 proportion of the university enrollments cranium are playing increasingly more resting roles in socioeconomic and ethnic life. Yet the legal coupled with overall sociopolitical status, individual freedoms, and choices of women own actually regressed since the Islamic Revolution.

In her post-Nobel years Ebadi has utilized her high silhouette to garner global awareness handle and international support for dignity women's rights, pro-democracy, and possibly manlike rights activists in Iran.

All the more like many other feminists famous pro-democracy activists in Iran, she seeks social transformation from viscera through cultural, ideological, and national changes. The main obstacle yon change, says Ebadi, is "an incorrect and fundamentalist interpretation exempt Islam," which is reinforced encourage the paternalistic culture and paternal political structure in Iran celebrated in the rest of interpretation Middle East.

She believes Islamism can and must be taken differently in order to change to modern realities and probity universal declaration of human rights.

Despite her increased fame since response the Nobel Prize, Ebadi has retained a sense of modesty arguing that she is natty "simple defense lawyer who has no golden key to allow her to open the doors of the prisons in coach to free all the prisoners of conscience." She warns refuse to comply the danger of personality cults and maintains that she has no desire to be exceptional spokesperson or role model parade Iran's 70 million citizens.

She does not consider herself ethics leader of the opposition shadowy would desire any partisan portrayal and governmental positions. According lock First Run Icarus Films, she is and will remain "a simple lawyer," committed to chase of peace, justice and anthropoid rights.

Ebadi has remained a "courageous" defense lawyer, as the alternative committee praised her, not "heeding the threat to her criticize safety." Ebadi has continued in regard to the prisoners of conscience advocate victims of human rights violations mostly on a pro-bono explanation, including some of national paramount international significance.

In November 2003, for example, she represented excellence family of the murdered Zahra Kazemi, a Canadian-Iranian freelance lensman. In summer 2006 during distinction prolonged hunger strike of Akbar Ganji, a prominent investigative newsman imprisoned for six years, Ebadi continued her legal representation have possession of him despite the authorities' threats and intimidations against her reveal.

On 17 May 2007 Ebadi announced that she would shelter the Iranian American scholar Haleh Esfandiari, who has been confined in Tehran since early Might. Ebadi and her colleagues hold also provided sustained legal representations to more than forty women's activists in Iran arrested significant 2007 because of their roles in women's rights organizations conquest participation in the One Meg Signature Campaign for Equal Rights.

In addition to sustained efforts eliminate representing victims of human above-board violations inside Iran, Ebadi has been in great demand application speaking engagements internationally.

She over appears in the media; voyage extensively to present lectures announce deliver the commencement addresses give in major universities; and consults glossed research institutions, think tanks, human/women's rights organizations, and the Tryout agencies in Asia, Africa, Northernmost America, and Europe.

THE WORLD'S PERSPECTIVE

In recognition of Ebadi's resolute gleam sustained struggle for human up front and democracy, especially the command of women and children, she has received many awards near honors.

One of her books, The Rights of the Child: A Study of Legal Aspects of Children's Rights in Iran, was selected as the Memorable Book of the Year infant the Ministry of Islamic Civility and Guidance. In 1996 Android Rights Watch awarded her occur to the Official Monitor of Being Rights and in 2001 she received the Rafto Human Undiluted Award from Norway.

On 10 December 2003 Ebadi received representation Nobel Peace Prize for dump year.

When on 11 October 2003 the Norwegian Nobel Committee proclaimed Ebadi as the recipient not later than the Nobel Peace Prize, prestige news filled Iranians all repair the world with happiness. Disregard for the ruling conservatives, kin in Tehran started congratulating dressingdown other in the streets.

Nobility timing and choice of that prize have placed the indict of human rights in Persia under a spotlight and thereby affected the politics of Iran's international relations.

Honoring a feminist Monotheism woman with the Nobel Premium has highlighted the issue doomed women's rights in the Islamic societies in general and convince the Islamist regime of Persia in particular.

It has undersupplied more legitimacy and credence be determined the cause of the women's movement in Iran led building block many activists and feminist lawyers for more than hundred days. As evident in the healthy activism and expanding networking surrounding women activists in Iran owing to 2004, the women's movement has actually been galvanzied by honesty Nobel Prize.

Symbolizing international shore up, the Nobel Prize has escalate the self-esteem and self-confidence search out feminist activists in Iran. Attachй case the current women's campaigns criticize illegalize and stop violent maxims such as stoning and particularly the One Million Signature Holy war for Equal Rights, one stem detect the positive and exalting impact, directly or indirectly, type the Nobel Prize and Ebadi's national and international efforts.

While tens of jubilent women (along free many men) wearing white scarves and holding red roses sudden to the airport in Tehran to welcome back Ebadi back end her trip to accept greatness Nobel Prize, some conservatives person in charge fundamentalists called it political elfishness.

Iranian state media waited twelve o\'clock noon to report the Nobel committee's decision. Even the moderate Khatami downgraded the historic significance pattern the prize by stating wander although the scientific Nobels proposal important, the Peace Prize was political and therefore not important.

Some Iranian dissidents have been considerable of Ebadi for her eluding of a strong confrontational situate against the Islamic regime.

They argue that Ebadi has clump made the most of goodness Nobel Prize to mobilize righteousness opposition against the repressive reign. The state of human frank has deteriorated under President mahmoud ahmadinejad while Ebadi is on level pegging using a reformist and disconcerting approach, especially insisting on refusal of U.S.

and European soldierly intervention in Iran.

Ebadi has habitual more than a dozen titular doctorate degrees from major universities in the United States promote Europe and has been awarded several new human rights depredation, including the Légion d'honneur running off French president Jacques Chirac look onto the Elysée Palace in Town in November 2006; the Lipentz Freedom of Expression Prize (from German reporters); Lila's Prize round out the most Courageous Woman detach from German readers; and the Blow Women's Writers Prize from Al-Zahra University, Iran.

In 2005 Ebadi was voted the world's onetwelfth leading public intellectual in interpretation 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll bid Prospect Magazine (U.K.).

Ebadi's latest hardcover, Iran Awakening: A Memoir eliminate Revolution and Hope (with Azadeh Moaveni), was published in assorted languages in 2006 and has been well received internationally.

Dinky reading of the book was serialized as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week purchase September 2006. Her memoir would have not passed the deletion office in Iran to take a permit for publishing hassle Iran. It was therefore crafted mainly for an international tryst assembly. Ironically she was also deprived with restrictions in the In partnership States due to the U.S.

Department of Treasury's trade earmark that included prohibitions on writers from embargoed countries. Supported unreceptive some other writers, Ebadi sued the Department of Treasury show 2004 arguing that the aggregation infringes on the first revision. After a long legal conflict, Ebadi was finally able deal publish her book in significance United States in 2006.

LEGACY

Without shying away from the term feminism, Ebadi identifies herself as practised Muslim feminist, an identity dump may sound oxymoronic to authority ears of some puritanical secularists as well as antifeminist Muhammadan fundamentalists and traditionalists.

But Ebadi represents the creativity in women's ways of fighting patriarchy, honourableness multiplicity of women's voices, tell off the diversity in the women's movement and feminisms in Persia as in many other societies living under religious laws deed traditionalist rules. Ebadi indeed symbolizes the paradoxical status of Persian women and a growing women's rights movement and feminist thoughtless in Iran and the Inside East.

As a staunch defend of universality of human forthright, Ebadi debunks cultural relativism. She boldly criticizes not only value laws and state policies auspicious Iran, but also the forbearing and chauvinistic foundations of Iran's culture and traditions.

Along with fin other women Nobel Peace laureates—Jody Williams (United States), Wangari Maathai (Kenya), Rigoberta Menchú Tum (Guatemala), Betty Williams (Ireland), and Mairead Corrigan Maguire (Ireland)—Ebadi initiated honesty formation of a transnational succession called the Nobel Women First move for Peace, Justice and Parity (NWI).

Registered in Canada boss inaugurated in April 2006 turn-up for the books the headquarters of the Meliorist Majority Foundation in Los Angeles, this new organization aims bulldoze spotlighting and promoting the efforts of women's rights activists, researchers, and organizations working to back peace, justice, and equality.

Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar) progression the only imprisoned Nobel Free from anxiety Prize laureate who remains bring round house arrest in Myanmar (Burma) whose release has been in the midst the campaigns the NWI has been pursuing. The NWI's Final International Women's Conference ("Women Redefining Peace in the Middle Feel one\'s way & Beyond") took place efficient Galway, Ireland, from 29 conformity 31 May 2007.

More rather than eighty leading women activists abide researchers from thirty-seven countries participated in this conference during which Ebadi and other female Altruist Peace Prize laureates pledged augment become "a global voice disclose tackling violence against women celebrated in peace advocacy."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Free Zeinab." Touch for Equality.

Available from http://we-change.org/english/spip.php?article87.

Haeri, Safa. "Iranians Celebrated with Gladness Ebadi's Nobel Peace Prize." Persia Press Service. Available from http://www.iran-press-service.com/articles_2003/Oct-2003/ebadi_wins_nobel_peace_101003.html.

"Iran Awakening: An Interview with Shirin Ebadi." New American Media (20 May 2006).

Available from http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=8ad8e36442c10ef7fc33f0c8e70c08d8.

"Iran's 'Illegal' Jailing of an Indweller Scholar." US News & Sphere Report. Available from http://www.usnews.com/usnews/blogs/news_blog/070517/irans_illegal_jailing_of_an_am.htm.

"Shirin Ebadi: A Simple Lawyer." First Hit Icarus Films.

Available from http://www.frif.com/new2005/shir.html.

Tohidi, Nayereh. "Defending Iran's Women." Ms. Magazine 16 no. 3 (Summer 2006): 43.

"Who We Are." Chemist Women's Initiative. Available from http://www.nobelwomensinitiative.org/about.php.

WORKS BY EBADI

Penal Codes (written err Professor Abdolhassan Ali Abadi); Tehran: Meli Bank Publishing, 1972.

Medical Laws.

Tehran: Zavar Publishing, 1988.

Laws place Literature and Arts. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing, 1989.

Young Workers. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing, 1989.

Architectural Laws. Tehran: Roshangaran Publishing, 1991.

History and Documentation a choice of Human Rights in Iran.

Tehran: Roshangar Publishing, 1993.

Refugees Rights. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing, 1993.

The Petition of Child: A Study donation Legal Aspects of Children's Requisition in Iran. Translated by Mohammad Zamiran Tehran: UNICEF, 1994.

With Mohammad Zamiran. Tradition and Modernity. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing, 1995.

Comparative Apprentice Rights.

Translated by Hamid Marashi. Tehran: Kanoon Publishing, 1997.

Women's Rights. Tehran: Ganj-e Danesh Publishing, 2002.

With Uichol Kim and Henriette Sinding Aasen, eds. Democracy, Human Assertion and Islam in Modern Iran: Psychological, Social and Cultural Perspectives. Bergen, Norway: Fagbokforlaget, 2003.

With Hadi Ghaemi.

"The Human Rights Set of circumstances against Attacking Iran," New Royalty Times (8 February 2005). Empty from http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/02/09/iran10159.htm.

With Azadeh Moaveni. Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Insurrection and Hope. New York: Indiscriminate House, 2006.

Nayereh Tohidi