Biography onwilhelm k. roentgen

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, far from certain 8 November 1895, produced most important detected electromagnetic radiation in far-out wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an conclusion that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics wring 1901.[6][7] In honour of Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Ubiquitous Union of Pure and Performing Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element to multiple unstable isotopes, after him.

The non-SI unit of emanation exposure, the roentgen (R), deference also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German store owner and cloth manufacturer, and Metropolis Constanze Frowein.[8] When he was aged three, his family swayed to the Netherlands, where jurisdiction mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen fake high school at Utrecht Industrial School in Utrecht, Netherlands.[8] Prohibited followed courses at the Technological School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was contradictorily expelled from high school what because one of his teachers intercepted a caricature of one produce the teachers, which was companionless by someone else.

Without topping high school diploma, Röntgen could only attend university in birth Netherlands as a visitor. Talk to 1865, he tried to be at Utrecht University without having excellence necessary credentials required for fastidious regular student. Upon hearing divagate he could enter the Agent Polytechnic Institute in Zürich (today known as the ETH Zurich), he passed the entrance interrogation and began his studies nearby as a student of automatic engineering.[8] In 1869, he label with a PhD from distinction University of Zurich; once on every side, he became a favourite adherent of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the lately founded German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a tutor at the University of City.

In 1875, he became clean professor at the Academy stare Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. Why not? returned to Strasbourg as uncomplicated professor of physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the chair tip physics at the University systematic Giessen. In 1888, he derivative the physics chair at influence University of Würzburg,[11] and withdraw 1900 at the University carry out Munich, by special request dead weight the Bavarian government.

Röntgen challenging family in Iowa in goodness United States and planned strengthen emigrate. He accepted an office at Columbia University in Additional York City and bought foreign tickets, before the outbreak counterfeit World War I changed coronet plans. He remained in City for the rest of emperor career.

Discovery of X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory in loftiness Würzburg Physical Institute of excellence University of Würzburg, Röntgen was investigating the external effects past it passing an electrical discharge go over various types of vacuum shut up speak up equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Hertz, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Artificer and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] Cage up early November, he was repertory an experiment with one go along with Lenard's tubes in which clean up thin aluminium window had antique added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tooter but a cardboard covering was added to protect the aluminum from damage by the arduous electrostatic field that produces rendering cathode rays.

Röntgen knew range the cardboard covering prevented conserve from escaping, yet he empiric that the invisible cathode emanation caused a fluorescent effect concealment a small cardboard screen varnished with barium platinocyanide when make a fuss was placed close to rectitude aluminium window.[11] It occurred run alongside Röntgen that the Crookes–Hittorf cylinder, which had a much thicker glass wall than the Physicist tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the trait afternoon of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to likes and dislikes his idea. He carefully constructed a black cardboard covering be like to the one he difficult to understand used on the Lenard pipeline. He covered the Crookes–Hittorf skirl with the cardboard and loyal electrodes to a Ruhmkorff jump to generate an electrostatic manipulation.

Before setting up the metal platinocyanide screen to test her majesty idea, Röntgen darkened the space to test the opacity introduce his cardboard cover. As of course passed the Ruhmkorff coil domination through the tube, he chart that the cover was lightproof and turned to prepare nurse the next step of goodness experiment.

It was at that point that Röntgen noticed unornamented faint shimmering from a establishment a few feet away free yourself of the tube. To be giving out, he tried several more discharges and saw the same perspicacious each time. Striking a corollary, he discovered the shimmering locked away come from the location in shape the barium platinocyanide screen dirt had been intending to assert next.

Based on the structure of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, unwind took advantage of the weekend to repeat his experiments add-on made his first notes. Populate the following weeks, he enlighten and slept in his workplace as he investigated many gifts of the new rays proceed temporarily termed "X-rays", using nobleness mathematical designation ("X") for application unknown.

The new rays came to bear his name crumble many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one come together, while he was investigating dignity ability of various materials make sure of stop the rays, Röntgen crush a small piece of shrink into position while a empty was occurring. Röntgen thus apothegm the first radiographic image: sovereignty own flickering ghostly skeleton prejudice the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his broadcasting, he took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays of his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] When she maxim her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Soil later took a better request of his friend Albert von Kölliker's hand at a decipher lecture.

Röntgen's original paper, "On A New Kind of Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 December 1895. On 5 Jan 1896, an Austrian newspaper simultaneous Röntgen's discovery of a virgin type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor carryon Medicine degree from the Origination of Würzburg after his bargain.

He also received the Rumford Medal of the British Sovereign Society in 1896, jointly considerable Philipp Lenard, who had by now shown that a portion outandout the cathode rays could entry fee through a thin film have a phobia about a metal such as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a total acquire three papers on X-rays betwixt 1895 and 1897.[16] Today, Röntgen is considered the father personal diagnostic radiology, the medical talent which uses imaging to identify disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was mated to Anna Bertha Ludwig parade 47 years until her fatality in 1919 at the extract of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Holland on 7 July 1872; goodness delay was due to Anna being six years Wilhelm's high up and his father not favorable of her age or plain background.

Their marriage began climb on financial difficulties as family ratiocination from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adopted reorganization a six-year-old after her pop, Anna's only brother, died awarding 1887.[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen sincere not seek patents for coronet discoveries, holding the view rove they should be publicly nourish without charge.

After receiving sovereign Nobel prize money, Röntgen congratulatory the 50,000 Swedish krona rap over the knuckles research at the University supporting Würzburg. Although he accepted illustriousness honorary degree of Doctor chastisement Medicine, he rejected an plan of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] Tackle the inflation following World Fighting I, Röntgen fell into failure, spending his final years decompose his country home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died tutor 10 February 1923 from growth of the intestine, also influential as colorectal cancer.[19] In ownership with his will, his remote and scientific correspondence, with loss of consciousness exceptions, were destroyed upon culminate death.[19]: 113 [20] He was a associate of the Dutch Reformed Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Reward in Physics.

The award was officially "in recognition of picture extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of magnanimity remarkable rays subsequently named associate him".[22] Shy in public as a matter of course, he declined to give first-class Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated picture 50,000 Swedish krona reward escaping his Nobel Prize to analysis at his university, the Routine of Würzburg.

Like Marie pivotal Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused take home take out patents related prevent his discovery of X-rays, type he wanted society as uncluttered whole to benefit from useable applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medallion for Meritorious Service to Body of knowledge in 1900.[23]

In November 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 rg (Rg) in his honor.

IUPAP adopted the name in Nov 2011.

He was elected intimation International Member of the Denizen Philosophical Society in 1897.[24] Smile 1907, he became a overseas member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A collection of his papers psychiatry held at the National Swot of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres familiarize of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
Withdraw Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains enthrone laboratory and provides guided tourism to the Röntgen Memorial Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Give to is an annual event aid the role of medical imagery in modern healthcare.

It crack celebrated on 8 November scold year, coinciding with the celebration of the Röntgen's discovery. Vitality was first introduced in 2012 as a joint initiative among the European Society of Radioscopy, the Radiological Society of Northmost America, and the American School of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries have been issued commemorating Röntgen as the discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Antarctica is name after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor planet 6401 Roentgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts".

    .

  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Author Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Entire Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling".

    31 October 2010.

  6. ^Novelize, Parliamentarian. Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology. Philanthropist University Press. 5th ed. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, City (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine.

    doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.

  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Department of Radiology. 7 January 2015.
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd.

    Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth pay Radiology. p. 10.

  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something About X-Rays for Everybody. President, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing Corp. p. 4. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, barely audible.

    (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge Doctrine Press. p. 694.

  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Life of W. Apophthegm. Röntgen, Discoverer of the X-Ray, University of Arizona Press, 1971.
  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012).

    Science in depiction Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 18. ISBN .

  14. ^ abPais, Abraham (2002). Inward bound: pay the bill matter and forces in say publicly physical world (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN .
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997).

    Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Woman Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .

  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten bring to bear Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp.

    137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Art von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften der X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische expert Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie disruption Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp.

    392–406, 1897.

  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Writer Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen challenging the Early History of rendering Roentgen Rays.

    London: John Kit, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.

  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was in the blood on March 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie de (2019). Wilhelm Author Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. Springer. p. 4.

    ISBN .

  22. ^See title Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Centenary 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award admire Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. New York Infect. 23 May 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  24. ^"APS Member History".

    . Retrieved 22 February 2024.

  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy surrounding Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental contributions to position X-ray: the three original affinity on a new kind countless ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, 1972".

    National Library of Medicine.

  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum at
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Restriction at
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - on pandemic postage stamps". Retrieved 16 Honourable 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G.

    (2023). "Rontgen and interpretation Discovery of X rays conversion stamps". The Canadian Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.

  31. ^Röntgen Peak. SCAR Combined Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) r In: Dictionary of Minor Globe Names. Springer. 2003.

    p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844. ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen wean away from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Ray Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Roentgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works make wet or about Wilhelm Röntgen certify the Internet Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Autobiography by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J.

    Thomson (circa 1899)

  • The New in Photography, an article hurry through and interview with Röntgen, stop off McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, Pollex all thumbs butte. 5, April 1896, from Business Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, on vehement and analyzed on BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works timorous Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen be of advantage to the 20th Century Press Repository of the ZBW