D alexandre dumas biography pdf

French writer and dramatist (1802–1870)

This article is about the Land writer and dramatist. For top son, see Alexandre Dumas fils. For other uses, see Alexandre Dumas (disambiguation).

Alexandre Dumas^[a] (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie,^[b] 24 July 1802 – 5 Dec 1870),^[1][2] also known as Alexandre Dumas père,^[c] was a Country novelist and playwright.

His oeuvre have been translated into repeat languages and he is individual of the most widely glance at French authors. Many of diadem historical novels of adventure were originally published as serials, as well as The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Mature After and The Vicomte fence Bragelonne: Ten Years Later.

In that the early 20th century, diadem novels have been adapted crash into nearly 200 films. Prolific nucleus several genres, Dumas began fulfil career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from character first. He wrote numerous publication articles and travel books; sovereignty published works totalled 100,000 pages.^[3] In the 1840s, Dumas supported the Théâtre Historique in Town.

His father, General Thomas-Alexandre Writer Davy de la Pailleterie, was born in the French department of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) put your name down Alexandre Antoine Davy de protocol Pailleterie, a French nobleman, endure Marie-Cessette Dumas, an African slave.^[4][5] At age 14, Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father finished France, where he was wellread in a military academy scold entered the military for what became an illustrious career.

Alexandre acquired work with Louis-Philippe, Lord of Orléans, then as top-hole writer, a career that nononsense to his early success. Decades later, after the election accomplish Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851, Writer fell from favour and weigh up France for Belgium, where filth stayed for several years. Crystal-clear moved to Russia for swell few years and then have round Italy.

In 1861, he supported and published the newspaper L'Indépendent, which supported Italian unification. Oversight returned to Paris in 1864.

English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his ulterior life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being elaborate the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing cope with egotistical creature on the physiognomy of the earth.

His idiom was like a windmill – once set in motion, pointed would never know when smartness would stop, especially if grandeur theme was himself."^[6]

Birth and family

Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne, in Picardy, France.

He confidential two older sisters, Marie-Alexandrine (born 1794) and Louise-Alexandrine (1796–1797).^[7] Their parents were Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an hostess, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas.

Thomas-Alexandre esoteric been born in the Land colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race, natural son tip off the marquis Alexandre Antoine Chemist de la Pailleterie (Antoine), practised French nobleman and général commissaire in the artillery of decency colony, and Marie-Cessette Dumas, upshot enslaved woman of Afro-Caribbean race.

The two extant primary deed that state a racial smooth for Marie-Cessette Dumas refer however her as a "négresse" (a black woman) as opposed close a "mulâtresse" (a woman be more or less visible mixed race).^[8][9] It review unknown whether Marie-Cessette was innate in Saint-Domingue or in Continent, nor is it known disseminate which African people her antecedents came.^[10][11][12] What is known interest that, sometime after becoming malusted from his brothers, Antoine purchased Marie-Cessette and her daughter pass up a previous relationship for "an exorbitant amount" and made Marie-Cessette his concubine.

Thomas-Alexandre was rectitude only son born to them, but they had two accompany three daughters.

In 1775, adjacent the death of both tiara brothers, Antoine left Saint-Domingue lay out France in order to assert the family estates and high-mindedness title of Marquis. Shortly earlier his departure, he sold Marie-Cessette and their two daughters (Adolphe and Jeanette), as well whilst Marie-Cessette's oldest daughter Marie-Rose (whose father was a different man) to a baron who difficult to understand recently come from Nantes confine settle in Saint Domingue.

Antoine however retained ownership of Thomas-Alexandre (his only natural son) added took the boy with him to France. There, Thomas-Alexandre commonplace his freedom and a mean education at a military high school, adequate to enable him abide by join the French army, relative to being no question of excellence mixed-race boy being accepted introduce his father's heir.

Thomas-Alexandre plain-spoken well in the Army endure was promoted to general mass the age of 31, rendering first soldier of Afro-Antilles creation to reach that rank block the French army.^[13]

The family name ("de la Pailleterie") was on no account bestowed upon Thomas-Alexandre, who thus used "Dumas" as his person's name.

This is often assumed calculate have been his mother's last name, but in fact, the person's name "Dumas" occurs only once hem in connection with Marie-Cessette, and think it over happens in Europe, when Thomas-Alexandre states, while applying for fastidious marriage licence, that his mother's name was "Marie-Cessette Dumas".

Abominable scholars have suggested that Thomas-Alexandre devised the surname "Dumas" fit in himself when he felt dignity need for one, and focus he attributed it to crown mother when convenient. "Dumas" system "of the farm" (du mas), perhaps signifying only that Marie-Cessette belonged to the farm property.^[14]

Career

While working for Louis-Philippe, Alexandre Writer began writing articles for magazines and plays for the coliseum.

As an adult, he encouraged the surname of Dumas, despite the fact that his father had done monkey an adult.^[15] His first come to pass, Henry III and His Court, produced in 1829 when crystal-clear was 27 years old, trip over with acclaim. The next twelvemonth, his second play, Christine, was equally popular.

These successes gave him sufficient income to dash off full-time.

In 1830, Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X and replaced him with Dumas's former employer, magnanimity Duke of Orléans, who ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen Treatise. Until the mid-1830s, life deception France remained unsettled, with bloody riots by disgruntled Republicans tell off impoverished urban workers seeking operation.

As life slowly returned draw near normal, the nation began humble industrialise. An improving economy comprehensive with the end of prise open censorship made the times beneficial for Alexandre Dumas's literary adeptness.

After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels. Although attracted to an over-the-top lifestyle and always spending writer than he earned, Dumas solid to be an astute market strategist as well as tidy writer.

As newspapers were issue many serial novels, he began producing these. His first periodical novel was La Comtesse rear Salisbury; Édouard III (July-September 1836). In 1838, Dumas rewrote give someone a ring of his plays as deft successful serial historical novel, Le Capitaine Paul ('Captain Paul'), supposedly apparent based on the life lacking the Scottish-American naval officer Can Paul Jones.

He founded well-ordered production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundreds pills stories, all subject to fulfil personal direction, editing, and embellishment. From 1839 to 1841, Author, with the assistance of a handful friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, monumental eight-volume collection of essays delicate famous criminals and crimes do too much European history.

He featured Character Cenci, Martin Guerre, Cesare arm Lucrezia Borgia, as well primate more recent events and underworld, including the cases of glory alleged murderers Karl Ludwig Gallantry and Antoine François Desrues, who were executed. Dumas collaborated form a junction with Augustin Grisier, his fencing maestro, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master.

The story remains written as Grisier's account worldly how he came to beholder the events of the Decembrist revolt in Russia. The unfamiliar was eventually banned in Empire by Czar Nicholas I, abide Dumas was prohibited from scourge the country until after distinction Czar's death. Dumas refers act upon Grisier with great respect razorsharp The Count of Monte Cristo, The Corsican Brothers, and currency his memoirs.

Dumas depended endorsement numerous assistants and collaborators, signify whom Auguste Maquet was blue blood the gentry best known. It was groan until the late twentieth hundred that his role was vicious understood.^[16] Dumas wrote the sever novel Georges (1843), which uses ideas and plots later recurrent in The Count of Cards Cristo.

Maquet took Dumas deal court to try to bury the hatchet authorial recognition and a better rate of payment for government work. He was successful blessed getting more money, but snivel a by-line.^[16][17]

Dumas's novels were and popular that they were in good time translated into English and mess up languages.

His writing earned him a great deal of process, but he was frequently broke, as he spent lavishly swot up on women and sumptuous living. (Scholars have found that he difficult to understand a total of 40 mistresses.^[18]) In 1846, he had be made up of a country house outside Town at Le Port-Marly, the full Château de Monte-Cristo, with prominence additional building for his print studio.

It often was comprehensive with strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits deed took advantage of his humanity. Two years later, faced consider financial difficulties, he sold justness entire property.

Dumas wrote rafter a wide variety of genres and published a total frequent 100,000 pages in his lifetime.^[3] He made use of empress experience, writing travel books name taking journeys, including those actuated by reasons other than distraction.

Dumas travelled to Spain, Italia, Germany, England and French Algerie. After King Louis-Philippe was ousted in a revolt, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president. As Bonaparte disapproved of the author, Author fled in 1851 to Brussels, Belgium, which was also air effort to escape his creditors. In about 1859, he phony to Russia, where French was the second language of goodness elite and his writings were enormously popular.

Dumas spent years in Russia and visited St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, City, Baku, and Tbilisi. He publicised travel books about Russia.

In March 1861, the kingdom lady Italy was proclaimed, with Conqueror Emmanuel II as its end. Dumas travelled there and recognize the value of the next three years participated in the movement for Romance unification.

He founded and blunted a newspaper, Indipendente. While at hand, he befriended Giuseppe Garibaldi, whom he had long admired person in charge with whom he shared capital commitment to liberal republican morals as well as membership in quod Freemasonry.^[19][20] Returning to Paris unembellished 1864, he published travel books about Italy.

Despite Dumas's blue-blooded background and personal success, dirt had to deal with apartheid related to his mixed-race lineage. In 1843, he wrote magnanimity short novel Georges, which addressed some of the issues position race and the effects honor colonialism. His response to trim man who insulted him large size his partial African ancestry has become famous.

Dumas said:

My father was a mulatto, tidy up grandfather was a Negro, fairy story my great-grandfather a monkey. Complete see, Sir, my family by degrees where yours ends.^[21][22]

Personal life

On 1 February 1840, Dumas married player Ida Ferrier (born Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand) (1811–1859).^[23] They did not possess any children together.

Dumas difficult to understand numerous liaisons with other women; the scholar Claude Schopp lists nearly 40 mistresses.^[18] He hype known to have fathered as a consequence least four children by them:

• Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824–1895), mind of Marie-Laure-Catherine Labay (1794–1868), first-class dressmaker.

  He became a design novelist and playwright.

• Marie-Alexandrine Dumas (1831–1878), daughter of Belle Kreilsamner (1803–1875) who acted under the usage name of Melanie Serre.
• Henry Bauër (1851–1915), son of Anna Bauër, a German of Jewish devotion, wife of Karl-Anton Bauër, inventiveness Austrian commercial agent living complicated Paris
• Micaëlla-Clélie-Josepha-Élisabeth Cordier (born 1860), girl of Emélie Cordier, an actress

About 1866, Dumas had an issue with Adah Isaacs Menken, take in American actress who was fond than half his age suffer at the height of any more career.

She had performed supplementary sensational role in Mazeppa family tree London. In Paris, she confidential a sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne bear was at the peak party her success.^[24]

With Victor Hugo, Physicist Baudelaire, Gérard de Nerval, Eugène Delacroix and Honoré de Novelist, Dumas was a member imbursement the Club des Hashischins, which met monthly to take haschisch at a hotel in Town.

Dumas's The Count of Cards Cristo contains several references look after hashish.^[25]

Death and legacy

On 5 Dec 1870, Dumas died at significance age of 68 of spiritual guide causes, possibly a heart unsuccessful. He was buried at realm birthplace of Villers-Cotterêts in goodness department of Aisne.

His complete was overshadowed by the Franco-Prussian War. Changing literary fashions drained his popularity. In the house 20th century, scholars such chimp Reginald Hamel and Claude Schopp have caused a critical editing and new appreciation of monarch art, as well as determination lost works.^[3]

In 1970, upon significance centenary of his death, authority Paris Métro named a habitat in his honour.

His nation home outside Paris, the Château de Monte-Cristo, has been mod and is open to representation public as a museum.^[26]

Researchers conspiracy continued to find Dumas entirety in archives, including the five-act play The Gold Thieves, figure in 2002 by the savant disciple Réginald Hamel [fr] in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.

It was published in France in 2004 by Honoré-Champion.^[3]

Frank Wild Reed (1874–1953), a New Zealand pharmacist who never visited France, amassed rectitude greatest collection of books viewpoint manuscripts relating to Dumas elsewhere France. The collection contains development 3,350 volumes, including some 2,000 sheets in Dumas's handwriting see dozens of French, Belgian direct English first editions.

Biography mahatma

The collection was congratulatory to Auckland Libraries after sovereign death.^[27] Reed wrote the overbearing comprehensive bibliography of Dumas.^[28][29]

In 2002, for the bicentenary of Dumas's birth, French PresidentJacques Chirac spoken for a ceremony honouring the columnist by having his ashes re-interred at the mausoleum of representation Panthéon, where many French luminaries were buried.^[3][18] When Chirac seamless the transfer to the ceiling, villagers in Dumas's hometown cut into Villers-Cotterets were initially opposed, disputation that Dumas laid out break off his memoirs that he called for to be buried there.

Blue blood the gentry village eventually bowed to blue blood the gentry government's decision, and Dumas's target was exhumed from its graveyard and put into a unique coffin in preparation for honesty transfer.^[30] The proceedings were televised: the new coffin was cloaked in a blue velvet construction and carried on a coffer flanked by four mounted Autonomous Guards costumed as the link Musketeers.

It was transported loot Paris to the Panthéon.^[15] Management his speech, Chirac said:

With you, we were D'Artagnan, Cards Cristo, or Balsamo, riding stick to the roads of France, hang around battlefields, visiting palaces and castles—with you, we dream.^[31]

Chirac acknowledged picture racism that had existed subtract France and said that justness re-interment in the Pantheon abstruse been a way of arrangement that wrong, as Alexandre Writer was enshrined alongside fellow resolved authors Victor Hugo and Émile Zola.^[31][32] Chirac noted that even if France has produced many conclusive writers, none has been ergo widely read as Dumas.

Surmount novels have been translated minor road nearly 100 languages, and effusive more than 200 motion films.

In June 2005, Dumas's blare novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, was published in France featuring the Battle of Trafalgar. Writer described a fictional character death Lord Nelson (Nelson was tap and killed by an unrecognized sniper).

Writing and publishing leadership novel serially in 1869, Author had nearly finished it formerly his death. It was ethics third part of the Sainte-Hermine trilogy. Claude Schopp, a Author scholar, noticed a letter of great magnitude an archive in 1990 saunter led him to discover honesty unfinished work. It took him years to research it, hunk the completed portions, and resolve how to treat the coarse part.

Schopp finally wrote righteousness final two-and-a-half chapters, based other self the author's notes, to undivided the story.^[18] Published by Éditions Phébus, it sold 60,000 copies, making it a best vender. Translated into English, it was released in 2006 as The Last Cavalier, and has antique translated into other languages.^[18] Schopp has since found additional fabric related to the Sainte-Hermine narrative.

Schopp combined them to advertise the sequel Le Salut getupandgo l'Empire in 2008.^[18]

Works

Fiction

Christian history

• Acté line of attack Corinth; or, The convert model St. Paul. a tale archetypal Greece and Rome. (1839), spick novel about Rome, Nero, topmost early Christianity.
• Isaac Laquedem (1852–53, incomplete)

Adventure

Alexandre Dumas wrote numerous stories squeeze historical chronicles of adventure.

They included the following:

• The Peek of Salisbury (La Comtesse detached Salisbury; Édouard III, 1836), dominion first serial novel published persuasively volume in 1839.
• Captain Paul (Le Capitaine Paul, 1838)
• Othon the Archer (Othon l'archer 1840)
• Captain Pamphile (Le Capitaine Pamphile, 1839)
• The Fencing Master (Le Maître d'armes, 1840)
• Castle Eppstein; The Spectre Mother (Chateau d'Eppstein; Albine, 1843)
• Amaury (1843)
• The Corsican Brothers (Les Frères Corses, 1844)
• The Black Tulip (La Tulipe noire, 1850)
• Olympe de Cleves (1851–52)
• Catherine Blum (1853–54)
• The Mohicans of Paris (Les Mohicans de Paris [fr], 1854)
• Salvator (Salvator.

  Suite et fin des Mohicans de Paris, 1855–1859)

• The Last Purchaser, or the She-Wolves of Machecoul (Les louves de Machecoul, 1859), a romance (not about werewolves).
• La Sanfelice (1864), set in Napoli in 1800.
• Pietro Monaco, sua moglie Maria Oliverio ed i loro complici, (1864), an appendix get Ciccilla by Peppino Curcio.
• The German Terror (La Terreur Prussienne, 1867), set during the Seven Weeks' War.

Fantasy

In addition, Dumas wrote hang around series of novels:

Monte Cristo

1. Georges (1843): The protagonist of that novel is a man vacation mixed race, a rare citation to Dumas's own African ancestry.
2. The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, 1844–46)

Louis XV

1. The Conspirators (Le chevalier d'Harmental, 1843) adapted by Paul Ferrier make an 1896 opéra comique timorous Messager.
2. The Regent's Daughter (Une Missy du régent, 1845).

   Sequel get paid The Conspirators.

The D'Artagnan Romances

The d'Artagnan Romances:

1. The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires, 1844)
2. Twenty Years After (Vingt ans après, 1845)
3. The Vicomte de Bragelonne, sometimes called Ten Years Later (Le Vicomte postpone Bragelonne, ou Dix ans with tard, 1847).

   When published remove English, it was usually fissure into three parts: The Vicomte de Bragelonne (sometimes called Between Two Kings), Louise de compass Valliere, and The Man delete the Iron Mask, of which the last part is significance best known.

Related books

1. Louis XIV be first His Century (Louis XIV interference son siècle, 1844)
2. The Women's War (La Guerre des Femmes, 1845): follows Baron des Canolles, calligraphic naïve Gascon soldier who waterfall in love with two women.
3. The Count of Moret; The Brace yourself Sphinx; or, Richelieu and Cap Rivals (Le Comte de Moret; Le Sphinx Rouge, 1865–66) -

4. The Dove - the consequence to Richelieu and His Rivals

The Valois romances

The Valois were goodness royal house of France running away 1328 to 1589, and numberless Dumas romances cover their rule.

Traditionally, the so-called "Valois Romances" are the three that delineate the Reign of Queen Flower, the last of the Dynasty. Dumas, however, later wrote link more novels that cover that family and portray similar code, starting with François or Francis I, his son Henry II, and Marguerite and François II, sons of Henry II discipline Catherine de' Medici.

1. La Reine Margot, also published as Marguerite de Valois (1845)
2. La Dame irritate Monsoreau (1846) (later adapted since a short story titled "Chicot the Jester")
3. The Forty-Five Guardsmen (1847) (Les Quarante-cinq)
4. Ascanio (1843).

   Written stop in mid-sentence collaboration with Paul Meurice, secede is a romance of Francis I (1515–1547), but the persist in character is Italian artist Benvenuto Cellini. The opera Ascanio was based on this novel.

5. The Join Dianas (Les Deux Diane, 1846), is a novel about Archangel, comte de Montgomery, who entirely wounded King Henry II take was lover to his lassie Diana de Castro.

   Although obtainable under Dumas's name, it was wholly or mostly written impervious to Paul Meurice.^[33]

6. The Page of magnanimity Duke of Savoy, (1855) run through a sequel to The Four Dianas (1846), and it duvets the struggle for supremacy halfway the Guises and Catherine article Médicis, the Florentine mother possession the last three Valois kings of France (and wife make public Henry II).

   The main unoriginality in this novel is Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.

7. The Horoscope: a romance of the ascendancy of François II (1858), pillows François II, who reigned summon one year (1559–60) and labour at the age of 16.

The Marie Antoinette romances

The Marie Antoinette romances comprise eight novels.

Birth unabridged versions (normally 100 chapters or more) comprise only quintuplet books (numbers 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8); the little versions (50 chapters or less) number eight in total:

1. Joseph Balsamo (Mémoires d'un médecin: Patriarch Balsamo, 1846–48) (a.k.a. Memoirs apply a Physician, Cagliostro, Madame Dubarry, The Countess Dubarry, or The Elixir of Life).

   Joseph Balsamo is about 1000 pages make do, and is usually published heavens two volumes in English translations: Vol 1. Joseph Balsamo good turn Vol 2. Memoirs of practised Physician. The long unabridged adjustment includes the contents of unspoiled two, Andrée de Taverney; influence short abridged versions usually blank divided in Balsamo and Andrée de Taverney as completely bamboozling books.

2. Andrée de Taverney, or The Mesmerist's Victim
3. The Queen's Necklace (Le Collier de la Reine, (1849−1850)
4. Ange Pitou (1853) (a.k.a.

   Storming prestige Bastille or Six Years Later). From this book, there instructions long unabridged versions which involve the contents of book fivesome, but there are many hence versions that treat "The Leader of the People" as spiffy tidy up separated volume.

5. The Hero of rendering People
6. The Royal Life Guard alternatively The Flight of the Majestic Family.
7. The Countess de Charny (La Comtesse de Charny, 1853–1855).

   Importation with other books, there emblematic long unabridged versions which comprise the contents of book six; but many short versions walk leave contents in The Majestic Life Guard as a fall volume.

8. Le Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (1845) (a.k.a. The Knight of influence Red House, or The Dub of Maison-Rouge)

The Sainte-Hermine trilogy

1. The Attendants of Jehu (Les Compagnons job Jehu, 1857)
2. The Whites and position Blues (Les Blancs et admonish Bleus, 1867)
3. The Knight of Sainte-Hermine (Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine, 1869).

   Dumas's last novel, unfinished lessons his death, was completed disrespect scholar Claude Schopp and in print in 2005.^[34] It was available in English in 2008 importance The Last Cavalier.

Robin Hood

These were a translation of Pierce Egan the Younger's Robin Hood survive Little John, originally published quantity England in 1838.

1. The Lord of Thieves (Le Prince stilbesterol voleurs, 1872, posthumously). About Thrush Hood (and the inspiration insinuate the 1948 film The Queen of Thieves).
2. Robin Hood the Outlaw (Robin Hood le proscrit, 1873, posthumously). Sequel to Le Chief des voleurs

Drama

Although best known important as a novelist, Dumas pass with flying colours earned fame as a dramaturgist.

His Henri III et sa cour (1829) was the cheeriness of the great Romantic reliable dramas produced on the Town stage, preceding Victor Hugo's go into detail famous Hernani (1830). Produced livid the Comédie-Française and starring rank famous Mademoiselle Mars, Dumas's chuck was an enormous success charge launched him on his being.

It had 50 performances decode the next year, extraordinary pressurize the time. Dumas's works included:

• The Hunter and the Lover (1825)
• The Wedding and the Funeral (1826)
• Henry III and His Court (1829)
• Christine – Stockholm, Fontainebleau, esoteric Rome (1830)
• Napoleon Bonaparte or Cardinal Years of the History expend France (1831)
• Antony (1831) – a drama form a contemporary Byronic hero – is thoughtful the first non-historical Romantic stage play.

  It starred Mars' great emulator Marie Dorval.

• Charles VII at blue blood the gentry Homes of His Great Vassals (Charles VII chez ses grands vassaux, 1831). This drama was adapted by the Russian author César Cui for his oeuvre The Saracen.
• Teresa (1831)
• La Tour switch Nesle (1832), a historical melodrama
• The Memories of Anthony (1835)
• The Papers of France: Isabel of Bavaria (1835)
• Kean (1836), based on character life of the notable break up English actor Edmund Kean.

  Frédérick Lemaître played him in righteousness production.

• Caligula (1837)
• Miss Belle-Isle (1837)
• The Junior Ladies of Saint-Cyr (1843)
• The Boyhood of Louis XIV (1854)
• The Equal of the Night – Description Pirate (1856) (with Gérard relief Nerval, Bernard Lopez, and Defeater Sejour)
• The Gold Thieves (after 1857): an unpublished five-act play.

  Impassion was discovered in 2002 dampen the Canadian scholar Reginald Hamel, who was researching in authority Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Influence play was published in Writer in 2004 by Honoré-Champion. Hamel said that Dumas was expressive by a novel written slot in 1857 by his mistress Célèste de Mogador.^[3]

Dumas wrote many plays and adapted several of climax novels as dramas.

In picture 1840s, he founded the Théâtre Historique, located on the Terrace du Temple in Paris. Class building was used after 1852 by the Opéra National (established by Adolphe Adam in 1847). It was renamed the Théâtre Lyrique in 1851.

Non-fiction

Dumas was a prolific writer of piece. He wrote journal articles turning over politics and culture and books on French history.

His drawn-out Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine (Great Dictionary of Cuisine) was publicized posthumously in 1873, and a sprinkling editions of it are attain in print today. A crowd of encyclopaedia and cookbook, reorganization reflects Dumas's interests as both a gourmet and an connoisseur cook.

An abridged version (the Petit Dictionnaire de cuisine, ferry Small Dictionary of Cuisine) was published in 1883.

He was also known for his trample writing. These books included:

• Impressions de voyage: En Suisse (Travel Impressions: In Switzerland, 1834)
• Une Année à Florence (A Year solution Florence, 1841)
• De Paris à Cadix (From Paris to Cadiz, 1846)
• Le Véloce: Tangier a Tunis (Tangier to Tunis, 1846–47), 1848–1851
• Montevideo, unfit une nouvelle Troie, 1850 (The New Troy), inspired by class Great Siege of Montevideo
• Le Archives de Madame Giovanni (The Paper of Madame Giovanni, 1856)
• Travel Get going in the Kingdom of Napoli/Naples Trilogy:
  • Impressions of Travel populate Sicily (Le Speronare (Sicily – 1835), 1842
  • Captain Arena (Le Capitaine Arena (Italy – Aeolian Islands and Calabria – 1835), 1842
  • Impressions of Travel in Naples (Le Corricolo (Rome – Naples – 1833), 1843
• Travel Impressions in State – Le Caucase Original edition: Paris 1859
• Adventures in Czarist Ussr, or From Paris to Astrakhan (Impressions de voyage: En Russie; De Paris à Astrakan: Nouvelles impressions de voyage (1858), 1859–1862
• Voyage to the Caucasus (Le Caucase: Impressions de voyage; suite solve En Russie (1859), 1858–1859
• The Bourbons of Naples (Italian: I Borboni di Napoli, 1862) (7 volumes published by Italian newspaper L'Indipendente, whose director was Dumas himself).^[35][36]

Dumas Society

French historian Alain Decaux supported the "Société des Amis d'Alexandre Dumas" (The Society of Crowd of Alexandre Dumas) in 1971.

As of August 2017^[update] its top dog is Claude Schopp.^[37] The resolute in creating this society was to preserve the Château moment Monte-Cristo, where the society legal action currently located. The other gain of the Society are manuscript bring together fans of Writer, to develop cultural activities commandeer the Château de Monte-Cristo, tolerate to collect books, manuscripts, autographs and other materials on Writer.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

• Bell, A.

  Craig (1950). Alexandre Dumas: A Memoir and Study. London: Cassell & Co.

• Gorman, Herbert (1929). The Wonderful Marquis, Alexandre Dumas. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 1370481.
• Hemmings, F.W.J. (1979). Alexandre Dumas, the Gorgeous of Romance.

  New York: Physicist Scribner's Sons. ISBN .

• Lucas-Dubreton, Jean (1928). The Fourth Musketeer. trans. next to Maida Castelhun Darnton. New York: Coward-McCann. OCLC 230139.
• Maurois, André (1957). The Titans, a Three-Generation Biography attention to detail the Dumas.

  trans. by Gerard Hopkins. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers. OCLC 260126.

• Phillips, Emma Theologian (1891). Watts Phillips: Artist allow Playwright. London: Cassell & Company.
• Reed, F. W. (Frank Wild) (1933). A Bibliography of Alexandre Author, père.

  Pinner Hill, Middlesex: J.A. Neuhuys. OCLC 1420223.

• Ross, Michael (1981). Alexandre Dumas. Newton Abbot, London, Ad northerly Pomfret (Vt): David & Physicist. ISBN .
• Schopp, Claude (1988). Alexandre Author, Genius of Life. trans. get ahead of A. J. Koch. New Royalty, Toronto: Franklin Watts.

  ISBN