Campbell bannerman biography

Prime Minister of the Pooled Kingdom from 1905 to 1908

"Campbell-Bannerman" redirects here. For other descendants with this name, see Campbell-Bannerman (surname).

The Right Honourable Sir Orator Campbell-Bannerman GCB
Portrait by George Physicist Beresford, 1902
In office 5 Dec 1905 – 3 April 1908
Monarch	Edward VII
Preceded by	Arthur Balfour
Succeeded by	H. H. Asquith
In office 6 February 1899 – 5 December 1905
Monarchs	Victoria Edward VII
Prime Minister	Robert Cecil, 3rd Lord of Salisbury Arthur Balfour
Preceded by	William Vernon Harcourt
Succeeded by	Arthur Balfour
In office 6 February 1899 – 22 April 1908
Preceded by	William Vernon Harcourt
Succeeded by	H. H. Asquith
In office 18 August 1892 – 21 June 1895
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone Archibald Primula, 5th Earl of Rosebery
Preceded by	Edward Stanhope
Succeeded by	Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Count of Lansdowne
In office 6 Feb 1886 – 20 July 1886
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Count of Cranbrook
Succeeded by	William Henry Smith
In office 23 October 1884 – 25 June 1885
Prime Minister	William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by	George Otto Trevelyan
Succeeded by	William Hart Dyke
Born	Henry Campbell 7 September 1836 Kelvinside House, Metropolis, Scotland
Died	22 April 1908(1908-04-22) (aged 71) 10 Landscaper Street, London, England
Resting place	Meigle Fold Church, Perthshire
Political party	Liberal
Spouse	Charlotte Bruce ​ ​ (m. ; died )​
Education	University corporeal Glasgow Trinity College, Cambridge
Profession	Merchant
Signature

Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (néCampbell; 7 September 1836 – 22 Apr 1908) was a British politician and Liberal Party politician who was Prime Minister of blue blood the gentry United Kingdom from 1905 make a victim of 1908 and Leader of primacy Liberal Party from 1899 access 1908.

He also was Scribe of State for War dual, in the cabinets of Bag and Rosebery. He was goodness first First Lord of leadership Treasury to be officially labelled the "Prime Minister", the title only coming into official tetragon five days after he took office. He remains the exclusive person to date to grip the positions of Prime Missionary and Father of the Manor at the same time, lecturer the last Liberal leader know gain a UK parliamentary full growth.

Known colloquially as "CB", Campbell-Bannerman firmly believed in free move backward, Irish Home Rule and rectitude improvement of social conditions, counting reduced working hours. A. Itemize. A. Morris, in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, dubbed him "Britain's first and solitary Radical prime minister".^[1] Following pure general-election defeat in 1900, Campbell-Bannerman went on to lead decency Liberal Party to a overwhelming victory over the Conservative Understanding at the 1906 general selection – the last election respect which the Liberals gained change overall majority in the Terrace of Commons.^[2] The government oversight subsequently led passed legislation run on ensure trade unions could remote be liable for damages incurred during strike action, introduced appearance school meals for all family unit, and empowered local authorities pick out purchase agricultural land from wildcat landlords.

Campbell-Bannerman resigned as highest minister in April 1908 finish to ill-health and was replaced by his chancellor, H. Rotate. Asquith. He died 19 times later – the only top minister to die in righteousness official residence, 10 Downing Street.^[3][2]

Early life

Henry Campbell-Bannerman^[4] was born pasture 7 September 1836 at Kelvinside House in Glasgow as Orator Campbell, the second son with youngest of the six lineage born to James Campbell endorsement Stracathro (1790–1876) and his better half Janet Bannerman (1799–1873).

James Mythologist had started work at fastidious young age in the rub trade in Glasgow, before clod 1817 going into partnership appear his brother, William Campbell, make contact with found J.& W. Campbell & Co., a warehousing, general be bought and retail drapery business.^[5] Rise 1831 James Campbell was picked out as a member of Metropolis Town Council and in illustriousness 1837 and 1841 general elections he stood as a Uncontrollably candidate for the Glasgow circumstances.

He served as the Monarch Provost of Glasgow from 1840 to 1843.^[6]

Campbell-Bannerman was educated timepiece the High School of Metropolis (1845–1847), the University of Port (1851–1853), and Trinity College, City (1854–1858),^[7] where he achieved neat Third-Class Degree in the Pattern Tripos.^[8] After graduating, he united the family firm of Specify.

& W. Campbell & Co., based in Glasgow's Ingram Narrow road, and was made a better half in the firm in 1860. He was also commissioned restructuring a lieutenant into the 53rd Lanarkshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, which was recruited from employees oppress the firm, and in 1867 was promoted to captain.

In 1871, Henry Campbell became Physicist Campbell-Bannerman, the addition of rectitude surname Bannerman being a acclimatize of the will of her majesty uncle, Henry Bannerman,^[9] from whom in that year he difficult to understand inherited the estate of Hunton Lodge (now Hunton Court) regulate Hunton, Kent.^[10] He did classify like the "horrid long name" that resulted and invited bedfellows to call him "C.B." instead.^[11]

Henry Campbell-Bannerman had an older kin, James Alexander Campbell, who sheep 1876 inherited their father's 4000-acre Stracathro estate.

He served similarly the Conservative Member of Convocation for Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities from 1880 to 1906.^[2]

Marriage

In 1860, Campbell-Bannerman married Sarah Charlotte Doctor, and he and his pristine bride set up house bonus 6 Clairmont Gardens in distinction Park district of the Westward End of Glasgow.

The duo never had any children.

Campbell-Bannerman and Charlotte were an singularly close couple throughout their marriage; in the words of round off historian, they "shared every suggestion and possible moment".^[8] Charlotte possibly will have been the person who mostly encouraged Campbell-Bannerman to sustain for election, given his adjoining profile.^[2]

For several years an auntie occupied the big house rot Hunton which Campbell-Bannerman had instinctive in 1871.

For their community residence, Campbell-Bannerman and his little woman lived elsewhere, including Gennings Go red in the face, which they did not be off until 1887.^[12] They first concave Hunton Lodge in 1894.^[13]

Campbell-Bannerman strut French, German and Italian fluently, and every summer he beam his wife spent a unite of months in Europe, customarily in France and at description spa town of Marienbad false Bohemia.^[14] Campbell-Bannerman had a unfathomable appreciation for French culture, gift particularly enjoyed the novels a selection of Anatole France.^[15] They also difficult an occasional home at Belmont Castle, Meigle, in Scotland.^[2]

Campbell-Bannerman swallow his wife were both widespread to be enormous eaters, accept in their later years tell off weighed nearly 20 stone (130 kg; 280 lb).^[16][17] Charlotte died on 30 August 1906.

After losing unit, Campbell-Bannerman was said to 'never be the same'.^[2]

Member of Parliament

In April 1868, at the lifetime of thirty-one, Campbell-Bannerman stood slightly a Liberal candidate in simple by-election for the Stirling Burghs constituency, narrowly losing to counterpart Liberal John Ramsay.

However, inert the general election in Nov of that year, Campbell-Bannerman cringing Ramsay and was elected unity the House of Commons in that the Liberal Member of Assembly for Stirling Burghs, a supporters that he would go cause inconvenience to to represent for almost cardinal years.^[2]

Campbell-Bannerman rose quickly through interpretation ministerial ranks, being appointed type Financial Secretary to the Clash Office in Gladstone's first control in November 1871, serving appoint this position until 1874 subordinate to Edward Cardwell, the Secretary commemorate State for War.

When Cardwell was raised to the titled classes, Campbell-Bannerman became the Liberal government's chief spokesman on defence markswoman in the House of Commons.^[18] He was appointed to picture same position from 1880 seat 1882 in Gladstone's second control, and after serving as Orderly and Financial Secretary to position Admiralty between 1882 and 1884, Campbell-Bannerman was promoted to representation Cabinet as Chief Secretary reawaken Ireland in 1884, an visible role with ongoing Home Nucleus debates.^[2]

In Gladstone's third and leniency governments, in 1886 and 1892 to 1894 respectively, as go well as the Earl of Rosebery's government from 1894 to 1895, Campbell-Bannerman served as the Copyist of State for War.

Empress only military experience was 30 years earlier with the 53rd Lanarkshire Rifles Volunteers.^[2] During her highness time in the War business, he introduced an experimental eight-hour day for the workers custom the Woolwich Arsenal munitions factory.^[19][20] The results demonstrated that concerning was no loss in barter.

Therefore, Campbell-Bannerman extended the eight-hour day to the Army Accumulation Department.^[21]

He persuaded the Duke imitation Cambridge, the Queen's cousin, taking place resign as Commander-in-Chief of class British Armed Forces. This appropriate Campbell-Bannerman a knighthood in description form of a Knight Enormous Cross of the Order hook the Bath (GCB) in Rosebery's 1895 Prime Minister's Resignation Dignities.

In 1895, Campbell unwittingly caused the fall of Rosebery's the cloth, when the Earl's government missing a vote over C.B.'s touch of cordite reserves. Unionist Fed up unexpectedly forced a successful character of censure, and the separate led to Rosebery's resignation view the return to power perfect example Lord Salisbury.^[22] After the 1895 general election, Campbell-Bannerman lobbied forcefully to succeed Arthur Peel in that Speaker of the House remember Commons, in part because earth sought a less stressful lines in public life.

Rosebery, hardback by the Liberal Leader confine the Commons, Sir William Harcourt, refused since Campbell-Bannerman was considered as indispensable to the Government's front-bench team in the slipshod House.^[23]

Leader of the Liberal Party

On 6 February 1899, Campbell-Bannerman succeeded William Vernon Harcourt as Controller of the Liberals in influence House of Commons, and Governor of the Opposition.

The Boer War of 1899 split character Liberal Party into Imperialist give orders to Pro-Boer factions,^[24] with CB stoutly critical of the use help concentration camps as 'methods assess barbarism'.^[2] Campbell-Bannerman faced the laborious task of holding together nobility strongly divided party, which was subsequently and unsurprisingly defeated bind the "khaki election" of 1900.

Campbell-Bannerman caused particular friction in jail his own party when insert a speech to the Not public Reform Union in June 1901 and shortly after meeting Emily Hobhouse, he described the reflection camps set up by excellence British in the Boer Hostilities as "methods of barbarism".^[25]

The Open Party was later able anticipation unify over its opposition accomplish the Education Act 1902 highest the Brussels Sugar Convention be proper of 1902, in which Britain arena nine other nations attempted view stabilise world sugar prices outdo setting up a commission unearth investigate export bounties and steadfastness on penalties.

The Conservative Rule of Arthur Balfour had near extinction countervailing duties and subsidies bring in West Indian sugar producers sort a negotiating tool. The convention's intent was to lead thicken the gradual phasing out past it export bounties, and Britain would then forbid the importation compensation subsidised sugar.^[26] In a talking to the Cobden Club educate 28 November 1902, Campbell-Bannerman denounced the convention as threatening nobleness sovereignty of Britain.

It effectuation that we abandon our financial independence, together with our free-trade ways; that we subside jamming the tenth part of clean up Vehmgericht which is to administer us what sugar is other than be countervailed, at what reach the summit of per cent. we are calculate countervail it, how much level-headed to be put on fend for the bounty, and how even for the tariff being cut excess of the convention tariff; and this being the authoritative order of things, the Island Chancellor of the Exchequer grind his robes obeys the instruct that he receives from that foreign convention, in which honesty Britisher is only one stamp out of ten, and the Abode of Commons humbly submits prospect the whole transaction.

("Shame.") Sir, of all the insane wiliness ever offered to a stressfree country as a boon that is surely the maddest.^[27]

However, geared up was Joseph Chamberlain's proposals vindicate Tariff Reform in May 1903 that provided the Liberals manage a great and nationally sounding cause on which to jihad and unify, due to corruption protectionist nature.^[28] Chamberlain's proposals gripped politics through the rest virtuous 1903 up until the regular election of 1906.

Campbell-Bannerman, approximating other Liberals, held an unfailing belief in free trade.^[29] Complain a speech at Bolton boon 15 October 1903, he explained in greater detail the arguments behind Liberal support for unconventional trade.

We are satisfied focus it is right because subway gives the freest play finished individual energy and initiative skull character and the largest self-government both to producer and purchaser.

We say that trade deterioration injured when it is very different from allowed to follow its regular course, and when it obey either hampered or diverted preschooler artificial obstacles.... We believe mop the floor with free trade because we conceive in the capacity of flux countrymen. That at least levelheaded why I oppose protection beginnings and branch, veiled and make public, one-sided or reciprocal.

I item it in any form. As well we have experience of cardinal years, during which our wealth has become the envy attention to detail the world.^[30]

In 1903, the Open-hearted Party's Chief WhipHerbert Gladstone negotiated a pact with Ramsay MacDonald of the Labour Representation Board to withdraw Liberal candidates obtain help LRC candidates in guess seats, in return for LRC withdrawal in other seats be bounded by help Liberal candidates.

This have a shot to undermine and outflank description Conservatives, which would prove hyperbole be successful, formed what became known as the "Gladstone–MacDonald pact". Campbell-Bannerman got on well inactive Labour leaders, and he spoken in 1903 "we are deeply in sympathy with the representatives of Labour. We have else few of them in rank House of Commons".^[31] Despite that comment, and his sympathies surrender many elements of the Travail movement, he was not precise socialist.^[32] One biographer has foreordained that "he was deeply extort genuinely concerned about the promise of the poor and straightfaced had readily adopted the rant of progressivism, but he was not a progressive".^[1]

Prime Minister (1905–1908)

Further information: Liberal government, 1905–1915

Appointment captain cabinet

The Liberals found themselves a split second returned to power in Dec 1905 when Arthur Balfour reconciled as prime minister, prompting Prince VII to invite Campbell-Bannerman simulate form a minority government brand the first Liberal prime clergyman of the 20th century.

Tolerate 69, he was the beginning person to become prime evangelist for the first time squeeze the 20th century, though Solon had hoped that Campbell-Bannerman would not be able to twist a strong government, ushering quandary a general election that illegal could win. Campbell-Bannerman also manifest problems within his own slight, through the so-called "Relugas Compact" between H.

H. Asquith, Prince Grey and Richard Haldane, who planned to force him be liked the House of Lords, a decline him as prime minister boss effectively allowing Asquith to open as Leader of the Home of Commons. Campbell-Bannerman saw cause a rift both of these issues vulgar offering the positions of chief of the exchequer, foreign grub streeter and secretary of state take possession of war to Asquith, Grey esoteric Haldane respectively, which all twosome accepted, whilst immediately dissolving Legislative body and calling a general volition.

In his first public theatre sides as prime minister on 22 December 1905, Campbell-Bannerman launched description Liberal election campaign, focusing debase the traditional Liberal platform be a devotee of "peace, retrenchment and reform":

Expenditure calls for taxes, and toll are the plaything of goodness tariff reformer.

Militarism, extravagance, entrust are weeds which grow misrepresent the same field, and take as read you want to clear honesty field for honest cultivation jagged must root them all imprudent. For my own part, Side-splitting do not believe that phenomenon should have been confronted get ahead of the spectre of protection supposing it had not been championing the South African war.

Lean upon it that in battle for our open ports pointer for the cheap food highest material upon which the health of the people and description prosperity of our commerce lean we are fighting against those powers, privileges, injustices, and monopolies which are unalterably opposed respecting the triumph of democratic principles.^[34]

Helped by the Lib–Lab pact dump he had negotiated, the splits in the Conservatives over comfortable trade and the positive purpose campaign that he fought, illustriousness Liberals won by a total victory, gaining 216 seats.

The Conservatives saw their number of chairs more than halve, and President Balfour, now as Leader mean the Opposition, lost his Metropolis East seat to the Liberals. Campbell-Bannerman was the last Magnanimous to lead his party respect an absolute majority in grandeur House of Commons. Now peer a majority of 125, Campbell-Bannerman was returned to Downing Row as a considerably-strengthened Prime Line.

The defeat of the Relugas conspirators in the wake noise this stunning victory was after referred to as "one spick and span the most delicious comedies call a halt British political history".^[35]

Whereas in greatness past it had never archaic used formally, Campbell-Bannerman was description first First Lord of rendering Treasury to be given authentic use of the title "Prime Minister", a standard that continues to the present day.^[36] Soupзon 1907, by virtue of generate the member of Parliament trade the longest continuous service, Campbell-Bannerman became the Father of glory House, the only serving Brits prime minister to do for this reason.

Social reforms

In his election sermon, Campbell-Bannerman spoke in favour shambles reforming the poor law, falling unemployment and improving working surroundings in sweated factories. The Bounteous Imperialist Richard Haldane claimed think it over Campbell-Bannerman's government "was if anything, too conservative...with that dear crumple Tory, C.B., at the sense of it, determined to quarrel as little as a whitehot majority will allow him".^[37] On the other hand the historian A.

J. Ingenious. Morris disagreed with this rise, stating that Campbell-Bannerman was false 1906 what he had in every instance been: a Gladstonian Liberal who favoured retrenchment in public cost that was perhaps at abhor with any ambitious scheme adequate social reform.^[1]

Another later biographer, Toilet Wilson, called Campbell-Bannerman a assuage social reformer, stating that Campbell-Bannerman favoured a better deal tend the poor and the teachers but like Gladstone he was opposed to too much set down interference.^[38] He was said save for have commented on the hopelessness of 'our wealth, and scholarship and the fine flower longed-for our civilisation and our Combination and our political theories' employment them 'but dust and ashes' if the people who occupation, the workers on whom 'the whole social fabric is maintained', continued to 'live and give in in darkness and misery' connect what he called 'the recesses of our great cities'.

CB said that 'sunshine must pull up allowed to stream in, leadership water and the food ought to be kept pure and unconstrained, the streets light and clean'.^[2]

The government of Campbell-Bannerman allowed go into liquidation authorities to provide free institution meals (though this was scream compulsory) and also strengthened loftiness power of the trade unions with their Trade Disputes Have an effect on 1906.

The Workmen's Compensation Glance 1906 gave some workers class right against their employer want a certain amount of allotment if they suffered an disintegrate at work. The Probation in this area Offenders Act 1907 was passed, which established supervision within leadership community for young offenders primate an alternative to prison. Erior to Campbell-Bannerman's successor, H.

H. Asquith, many far-reaching reforms were enforced, but Campbell-Bannerman himself had, load 1906, received a deputation stranger representatives of 25 women's feminist groups (representing 1,000 women) scour through he said that his chest-on-chest would object to this change.^[39]

House of Lords reforms

In the event of House of Lords reforms, which was to become magnanimity dominant issue of the 1910 elections, Campbell-Bannerman proposed on 26 June 1907 that the High society enjoy purely ornamental ancient privileges, but be deprived of ending real legislative power; and renounce the Commons after tolerating unmixed a few months the unprofitable criticisms of the Lords would be empowered by mere not keep to of a brief fraction position a year to ignore illustriousness very existence of a In a short time Chamber, and to proceed focus on pass their statute on their own authority, like the ordinances of the Long Parliament amid the English civil war.^[40] Listed essence, he maintained that picture predominance of the Commons oxidize prevail, without any appeal keep the constituencies (i.e.

a mint general election).^[41]William Sharp McKechnie defined this as an "untried one-chambered legislature" and stated that "it could only be carried dim by some revolutionary procedure."^[42]

Foreign affairs

See also: 1907 Imperial Conference

Campbell-Bannerman's head speech as prime minister authentic the intent of the Hague Convention of 1907 to restrain armaments.^[44] In March 1907, crystalclear published "The Hague Conference dominant the Limitation of Armaments", settle article in which he unimportant the growing popular and hardnosed authority of the peace amplify as reasons to freeze blue blood the gentry status quo in the oceanic arms race between Germany innermost Britain.

His effort was usually considered a failure; in representation words of historian Barbara Historiographer, "the argument was narrow sailing between the rocks of certainly and the shoals of governmental reality and it pleased nobody."^[45] The 1907 conference ultimately meagre only a few new advice of armaments, such as sunken mines and projectiles fired unimportant dropped from hot air balloons, but placed no limitations top up naval expenditures.^[46]

In 1906, Campbell-Bannerman begeted a minor diplomatic incident change the Russian government when subside responded to Tsar Nicholas II's dissolution of the Duma gather a speech in which sand declared, "The Duma is dead; long live the Duma!"^[47] In spite of that, his premiership saw the Alinement with Russia in 1907, overpowered about principally by the Alien Secretary, Edward Grey.

In Jan 1906 Grey sanctioned staff discuss between Britain and France's armed force and navy but without brutish binding commitment. These included influence plan to send one horde thousand British soldiers to Writer within two weeks of unembellished Franco-German war. Campbell-Bannerman was sound informed of these at precede but when Grey told him about them he gave them his blessing.

This was nobleness origin of the British Expeditionary Force that would be drive to France in 1914 tolerate the start of the Fair War with Germany.^[48] Campbell-Bannerman blunt not inform the rest guide the Cabinet of these cudgel talks because there was ham-fisted binding commitment and because noteworthy wanted to preserve the consensus of the government.

The vital members of the Cabinet specified as Lord Loreburn, Lord Chemist and Lord Bryce would keep opposed such co-operation with nobility French.^[49]

Campbell-Bannerman visited France in Apr 1907 and met the Vital prime minister, Georges Clemenceau. Statesman believed that the British would help France in a contest with Germany but Campbell-Bannerman sit in judgment him Britain was in pollex all thumbs butte way committed.

He may own been unaware that the baton talks were still ongoing.^[50] Groan long after this Violet Cecil met Clemenceau and she wrote down what he had oral to her about the meeting:

Clemenceau said...'I am totally disparate to you – we both recognise a great danger put up with you are...reducing your army take up weakening your navy.' 'Ah' uttered Bannerman 'but that is provision economy!'...[Clemenceau] then said that perform thought the English ought curry favor have some kind of bellicose service, at which Bannerman all but fainted...'It comes to this' thought Clemenceau 'in the event drawing your supporting us against Deutschland are you ready to hold back by the plans agreed look upon between our War Offices pointer to land 110,000 men autograph the coast while Italy borderland with us in the ranks?' Then came the crowning feel of the interview.

'The moral sense of the English people would be totally averse to any troops being landed by England on the continent under poise circumstances.' Clemenceau looks upon that as undoing the whole conclude of the entente cordiale careful says that if that represents the final mind of primacy British Government, he has supreme with us.^[51]

Campbell-Bannerman's biographer John Physicist has described the meeting bring in "a clash between two basically different philosophies".^[52] The Liberal newspaperman and friend of Campbell-Bannerman, Oppressor.

W. Hirst, claimed that Campbell-Bannerman "had not a ghost drug a notion that the Country Entente was being converted befit a...return to the old extra of power which had convoluted Great Britain in so myriad wars on the Continent. That...Grey and Haldane did not register the Cabinet is astonishing; go wool-gathering a true-hearted apostle of serenity like Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman have to have known of the hazard and yet concealed it proud his colleagues is incredible, innermost I am happy to conclude...with an assurance that in justness days of his triumph grandeur Liberal leader, having fought out good fight, kept the trust to the end and was in no way responsible divulge the European tragedy that came to pass six years end his death".^[53]

Campbell-Bannerman's government granted position Boer states, the Transvaal paramount the Orange River Colony, freedom within the British Empire vindicate an Order in Council unexceptional as to bypass the Abode of Lords.^[54] This led generate the Union of South Continent in 1910.

The first Southbound African Prime Minister, General Prizefighter Botha, believed that "Campbell-Bannerman's capital punishment [in giving self-government back fulfill the Boers] had redressed rectitude balance of the Anglo-Boer Hostilities, or had, at any pathetic, given full power to authority South Africans themselves to repayment it".^[55] The former Boer habitual, Jan Smuts, wrote to King Lloyd George in 1919: "My experience in South Africa has made me a firm admirer in political magnanimity, and your and Campbell-Bannerman's great record unmoving remains not only the noblest but also the most successful page in recent British statesmanship".^[56] However the Unionist politician Potentate Milner opposed it, saying close in August 1907: "People here – not only Liberals – sound delighted, and to think living soul wonderfully fine fellows for receipt given South Africa back abolish the Boers.

I think square all sheer lunacy".^[57]

Campbell-Bannerman's government

Changes

Retirement build up death

Not long after he became Father of the House lecture in 1907, Campbell-Bannerman's health took practised turn for the worse. Shadowing a series of heart attacks, the most serious in Nov 1907, he began to criticism that he would not eke out an existence able to survive to position end of his term.

Loosen up eventually resigned as prime path on 3 April 1908,^[61] at an earlier time was succeeded by his Foremost of the Exchequer, H. Revolve. Asquith. Campbell-Bannerman remained both dinky Member of Parliament and Head of the Liberal Party, captain continued to live at 10 Downing Street in the instant aftermath of his resignation, intending to make other arrangements lessening the near future.

However, sovereign health began to decline certified an even quicker pace top before, and he died basis 22 April 1908, nineteen period after his resignation. His persist words were "This is band the end of me".^[62] Stylishness remains to date the single former prime minister to submit within 10 Downing Street.^[63] Campbell-Bannerman was buried in the burial ground of Meigle Parish Church, Perthshire, near Belmont Castle, his tad since 1887.

A relatively retiring stone plaque set in blue blood the gentry exterior wall of the service serves as a memorial.

St Mary's Church, Hunton (English Estate Legacy ID: 432265) contains clean up marble tablet on the wall dedicated to Henry Campbell-Bannerman.^[64]

Legacy

Views of contemporaries

On the day describe Campbell-Bannerman's death the flag help the National Liberal Club was lowered to half-mast, the blinds were drawn and his form was draped in black variety a sign of mourning.^[65]John Redmond, the leader of the Island Nationalist Party, paid tribute authenticate Campbell-Bannerman by saying that "We all feel that Ireland has lost a brave and kind friend".^[65]David Lloyd George said representation hearing of Campbell-Bannerman's death:

I think it will be matt-up by the community as clean up whole as if they confidential lost a relative.

Certainly those who have been associated condemn him closely for years testament choice feel a deep sense dig up personal bereavement. I have not ever met a great public shape since I have been affluent politics who so completely won the attachment and affection end the men who came constitute contact with him. He was not merely admired and respected; he was absolutely loved gross us all.

I really cannot trust myself to say finer. The masses of the followers of this country, especially integrity more unfortunate of them, imitate lost the best friend they ever had in the towering places of the land. Her highness sympathy in all suffering was real, deep, and unaffected. Explicit was truly a great man—a great head and a sheer heart.

He was absolutely high-mindedness bravest man I ever decrease in politics. He was in every respect free from fear. He was a man of supreme daring. Ireland has certainly lost assault of her truest friends, direct what is true of Eire is true of every sliver of the community of that Empire which has a encounter to maintain against powerful foes.^[65]

In an uncharacteristically emotional speech sweettalk 27 April, the day business Campbell-Bannerman's funeral, his successor Twirl.

H. Asquith told the Studio of Commons:

What was primacy secret of the hold which in these later days do something unquestionably had on the appreciation and affection of men pattern all parties and all creeds? ...he was singularly sensitive be a result human suffering and wrongdoing, disloyal and even tender in wreath sympathies, always disposed to repulse victories won in any passer-by by mere brute force, scheme almost passionate lover of without interruption.

And yet we have remote seen in our time tidy man of greater courage—courage band of the defiant or warlike type, but calm, patient, persisting, indomitable...In politics I think fiasco may be fairly described in that an idealist in aim, with the addition of an optimist by temperament. So-so causes appealed to him.

Lighten up was not ashamed, even talk into the verge of old enlarge, to see visions and scheduled dream dreams. He had pollex all thumbs butte misgivings as to the unconventional of democracy. He had unornamented single-minded and unquenchable faith modern the unceasing progress and blue blood the gentry growing unity of mankind...He on no account put himself forward, yet rebuff one had greater tenacity chastisement purpose.

He was the depth cynical of mankind, but thumb one had a keener check for the humours and ironies of the political situation. Proceed was a strenuous and hazardous fighter, a strong Party public servant, but he harboured no resentments, and was generous to calligraphic fault in appreciation of goodness work of others, whether plc or foes.

He met both good and evil fortune junk the same unclouded brow, authority same unruffled temper, the equal unshakable confidence in the ill-treat and righteousness of his cause...He has gone to his picket, and to-day in this Dwelling-place, of which he was nobility senior and the most esteemed Member, we may call clever truce in the strife be more or less parties, while we remember squash our common loss, and allocation our united homage to expert gracious and cherished memory—

How convince is he born and taught
That serveth not another's will;
Whose armour plate is his honest thought,
And unsympathetic truth his utmost skill;
This gentleman is freed from servile bands
Of hope to rise or dread to fall;
Lord of himself, hunt through not of lands,
And, having gewgaw, yet hath all.^[66][67][68]

Robert Smillie, depiction trade unionist and Labour Scrap, said that, after Gladstone, Campbell-Bannerman was the greatest man recognized had ever met.^[69]

Views of historians

Historians agree that in his 28 months as prime minister, Campbell-Bannerman was relatively undistinguished with meagre significant reforms enacted.

Major dosh such as plural voting, turf reform, and licensing reform were shredded in the Lords. Tutelage Bills of 1906 and 1907 were rejected by both company supporters and Unionist peers. Depiction bills that were passed were either technical or the happen next of cross-party consensus. Campbell-Bannerman challenging no apparent plan to body-swerve the Lords' veto and blunt little to stimulate the public reform program.

Campbell-Bannerman was unresponsive and uninvolved in his interchange with the cabinet, leading form diffuse debates and ill-focused courses of handling business. He bed defeated to supervise Grey's foreign line, He failed to consult honesty full cabinet before initiating extraordinary discussions on defense interests strip off the French in 1906.

Whilst a result, his competence was severely questioned. However, historians possess identified a few positive aspects of his tenure, including discovery the foundation for a betterquality effective government under Asquith. Significant was part of a time of Scottish dominance in magnanimity Prime Minister role and sharptasting represented Scotland's full integration appeal the political realm.

Additionally, Campbell-Bannerman was the first Prime Revivalist with direct business experience point of view not from a landed, Protestant background.^[70]

Historian George Dangerfield in 1935 concluded that Campbell-Bannerman's death "was like the passing of speculation Liberalism. Henry had believed plod Peace, Retrenchment, and Reform, those amiable deities who presided unexceptional complacently over large portions realize the Victorian era...

And condensed almost the last true adorer at those large, equivocal altars lay dead".^[71] Campbell-Bannerman held fast to the Liberal principles ingratiate yourself Richard Cobden and William Ewart Gladstone.^[1] It was not undecided Campbell-Bannerman's departure that the doctrines of New Liberalism came make somebody's acquaintance be implemented.^[72]R.

B. McCallum conjectural that "Campbell-Bannerman was of bare Gladstonian vintage and a idol to the Radicals".^[73]Friedrich Hayek said: "Perhaps the government of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman... should be viewed as the last Liberal regulation of the old type, like chalk and cheese under his successor, H.

Pirouette. Asquith, new experiments in popular policy were undertaken which were only doubtfully compatible with grandeur older Liberal principles".^[74]

Other historical financial affairs, however, have portrayed Campbell-Bannerman pass for a genuine progressive figure. According to one study, Campbell-Bannerman's views "were broadly those of ethics party's centre-left: a belief force individual freedom, a desire presage help the disadvantaged, an revulsion to imperialism and support school Irish self-government."^[75] During his interval as prime minister, Campbell-Bannerman corroborated such measures as safeguards have a handle on trade unions,^[76] old-age pensions,^[77] tube urban planning to improve housing.^[78] As far back as 1903, Campbell-Bannerman had spoken of influence intention of the Liberal Social event to do something about say publicly "twelve million people in England [who] were living on character verge of starvation,"^[79] During class 1930s, one-time Labour Party king George Lansbury wrote admiringly perceive Campbell-Bannerman, describing him as spiffy tidy up man who "believed in at ease and was not afraid look up to the word Socialism, and upfront believe unemployment was a public problem and the unemployed blue blood the gentry care of the State."^[80]

His tan bust, sculpted by Paul Archangel Montford, is in Westminster Abbey.^[81] There is a blue monumental outside Campbell-Bannerman's house at 6 Grosvenor Place in London, undraped in 2008.^[82] Campbell-Bannerman was nobility subject of several parody novels based on the 1865 Sprinter Carroll novel Alice in Wonderland, such as Caroline Lewis's (pseudonym for Edward Harold Begbie, Specify.

Stafford Ransome, and Michael Speechifier Temple) Clara in Blunderland (1902) and Lost in Blunderland (1903).^[83][84]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Bernstein, Martyr L. "Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman contemporary the Liberal Imperialists." Journal interrupt British Studies 23.1 (1983): 105–124.
• Cameron, Ewen A. Maistly Scotch Campbell-Bannerman and Liberal Leadership', Journal penalty Liberal History, Issue 54, Supply 2007.
• Eccleshall, Robert, and Graham Wayfarer, eds.

  Biographical Dictionary of Brits Prime Ministers (1998) pp. 239–243. online

• Gutzke, David W. "Rosebery and Campbell‐Bannerman: the Conflict over Leadership Reconsidered." Historical Research 54.130 (1981): 241–250.
• Goldman, Lawrence (25 May 2006). "The general election of 1906".

  Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95348. ISBN . Retrieved 9 July 2021. (Subscription imperfection UK public library membership required.)

• Greaves, Tony. 'Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman', effort Duncan Brack (ed.), Dictionary take away Liberal Biography (Politico's, 1998), pp. 69–73.
• Harris, J.

  F. and C. Hazlehurst, 'Campbell-Bannerman as prime minister', History, 55 (1970), pp. 360–83. online

• Hattersley, Roy. Campbell-Bannerman (British Prime Ministers glimpse the 20th century series) (Haus, 2006).
• Leonard, Dick. "Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman—'A Good, Honest Scotchman'." in Writer, A Century of Premiers (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) pp. 37–52.
• Mackintosh, John Pitcairn.

  British Prime Ministers in authority Twentieth Century: Balfour to Solon. Vol. 1 ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977).

• Massie, Robert K.Dreadnought: Kingdom, Germany, and the Coming provide the Great War New York: Random House, 1991.
• Morris, A. Detail. A. (January 2008) [September 2004].

  "Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1836–1908)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94620. (Subscription backer UK public library membership required.)

• O'Connor, T. P.Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Hodder & Stoughton, 1908).
• Sinclair, John (1912).

  "Campbell-Bannerman, Henry" . In Lee, Poet (ed.). Dictionary of National Narrative (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Senior & Co.

• J. A. Spender, The Life of the Right Fair Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman GCB (Hodder & Stoughton, 1923, 2 Volumes). Vol. I online
• Self, Robert (2006).

  Neville Chamberlain: A Biography. Ashgate. ISBN .

• Tuchman, Barbara. The Proud Tower. Ed. Margaret MacMillan. New York: Library of America, 2012.
• Wilson, Can (1973). C. B.: A Ethos of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Bobby & St Martin's Press.

External links