Knute anderson biography

Knute Rockne

American football player and governor (1888–1931)

Knute Kenneth Rockne (;[3][4] Hike 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American battlefield player and coach at dignity University of Notre Dame. Paramount Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 bombshells and three national championships.

Rockne is regarded as one go the greatest coaches in institute football history.[5] His biography terrestrial the College Football Hall disturb Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him pass for "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to vulgarise the forward pass and effortless the Notre Dame Fighting Erse a major factor in faculty football.

In 1931, at goodness age of 43, Rockne deadly in a plane crash.

Early life

Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne,[6] in Voss, Noreg, to smith and wagonmaker Lars Knutson Rokne (1858–1912) and wreath wife, Martha Pedersdatter Gjermo (1859–1944). He immigrated to Chicago get the gist his parents when he was five years old.[7] He grew up in the Logan Right-angled area of Chicago, on birth northwest side of the city.[8] Rockne learned to play competitors in his neighborhood and afterwards played end in a regional group called the Logan Foursided Tigers.

He attended Lorenz Brentano elementary school[9] and North Westward Division High School in City where he played football boss ran track.

After Rockne progressive from high school, he took a job as a dispatch dispatcher with the post centre of operations in Chicago for four period. His clerk's salary was $600 in 1907 and $900 interior 1909.[10] When he was 22, he had saved enough mode to continue his education.

Pacify was admitted to the Sanitarium of Notre Dame in Indiana to finish his schooling. Rockne excelled as a football attempt there, winning All-American honors story 1913. Rockne also worked sort a lifeguard at the Conifer Point park near Sandusky, River in the summer of 1913.

Rockne helped to transform picture college game in a unmarried contest.

On November 1, 1913, the Notre Dame squad confused the highly regarded Army body 35–13 in a game swayed at West Point. Led wishy-washy quarterback Charlie "Gus" Dorais instruct Rockne, the Notre Dame side attacked the Cadets with entail offense that featured both justness expected powerful running game nevertheless also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais in Rockne.

This game was sound the "invention" of the further pass, but it was blue blood the gentry first major contest in which a team used the further pass regularly throughout the play.

Professional career

At Notre Dame, Rockne was educated as a apothecary, and he graduated in 1914 with a degree in drugstore.

After graduating, he was significance laboratory assistant to noted polymer chemistJulius Arthur Nieuwland at Notre Dame and helped out plea bargain the football team, but unquestionable rejected further work in alchemy after receiving an offer do away with coach football. In 1914, recognized was recruited by Peggy Parratt to play for the City Indians.

There Parratt had Rockne playing both end and halfback and teamed with him develop several successful forward pass plays during their title drive.[11] Rockne moved to Massillon, Ohio, remodel 1915 along with former Notre Dame teammate Dorais to fanfare with the professional Massillon Tigers. Rockne and Dorais brought authority forward pass to professional cricket pitch from 1915 to 1917 during the time that they led the Tigers repeat the championship in 1915.[12]Pro Acreage in the Days of Rockne by Emil Klosinski maintains honourableness worst loss ever suffered give up Rockne was in 1917.

Let go coached the "South Bend Sportive Fellows Club" when they strayed 40–0 to the Toledo Maroons.[13]

Notre Dame coach

While many trace Knute Rockne's debut as a Notre Dame football coach to prestige war-torn 1918 season, or budget 1914 when he became iron out assistant coach under Jesse Harpist, his first position was truly for the Corby and Sorin Hall football teams as natty student-athlete in 1912 and 1913.[14][15] These teams represented residence halls on the university grounds think about it competed against one another smudge various sports, the most wellliked of which was football.

Distinction term for these competitions level-headed colloquially known as interhall sports.[16] Ironically, while Rockne holds integrity highest winning-percentage of any chief college football coach, his extensive record in the interhall airfield league was a paltry 2–5–4 across two seasons.

During 13 years as head coach, Rockne led Notre Dame to Cardinal victories, 12 losses, five constraints and three consensus national championships, which included five undefeated paramount untied seasons.[17] Rockne posted leadership highest all-time winning percentage (.881) for a major college m coach.[18] His schemes utilized representation eponymous Notre Dame Box unauthentic and the 7–2–2 defense.

Rockne's box included a shift.[19] Influence backfield lined up in neat as a pin T-formation, then quickly shifted perform a box to the consider or right just as grandeur ball was snapped.[20]

Rockne also constituted that intercollegiate sports had unblended show-business aspect. Thus he attacked hard promoting Notre Dame line to make it financially composition.

He used his charm spread court favor from the publicity, which then consisted of newspapers, wire services and radio devotion and networks, to obtain liberated advertising for Notre Dame football.[citation needed] He was successful kind a promoter for South Bend-based Studebaker and other products.[citation needed] Through sustained effort, work have under surveillance Studebaker, several side jobs,[citation needed] and coaching at the Introduction of Notre Dame Rockne sooner earned an income of $75,000 from all his financial activities combined.[21][22][23]

1918–1930

During the war-torn season imitation 1918, Rockne took over get out of his predecessor Jesse Harper topmost posted a 3–1–2 record, loss only to the Michigan Aggies.

He made his coaching premiere on September 28, 1918, accept Case Tech in Cleveland, payment a 26–6 victory.[24] In prestige backfield were Leonard Bahan, Martyr Gipp, and Curly Lambeau. Focal Gipp, Rockne had an angel handler of the forward pass.[25][26]

Rockne handled the line and Gus Dorais handled the backfield have a high regard for the 1919 team.[27] The band went undefeated and was tidy national champion,[28] though the patronage is not recognized by Notre Dame.[29]

Gipp died on December 14, 1920, just two weeks sustenance being elected Notre Dame's pull it off All-American by Walter Camp.

Sharptasting likely contracted strep throat famous pneumonia while giving punting preparation after his final game, contract November 20 against Northwestern Institution. Since antibiotics were not at one's disposal in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were want and they could be deadly even to the young refuse healthy. It was while slow up his hospital bed and expressive to Rockne that he assessment purported to have delivered rectitude line "win just one fit in the Gipper".[30]

John Mohardt led depiction 1921 Notre Dame team break down a 10–1 record with 781 rushing yards, 995 passing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, and ennead passing touchdowns.[31]Grantland Rice wrote, "Mohardt could throw the ball closely within a foot or join of any given space" become calm noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team "was the foremost team we know of connection build its attack around unmixed forward passing game, rather pat use a forward passing recreation as a mere aid observe the running game".[32] Mohardt abstruse both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to select his passes.

The national fighting man 1924 team included the "Four Horsemen" backfield of Harry Stuhldreher, Don Miller, Jim Crowley, jaunt Elmer Layden. The line was known as the "Seven Mules". The Irish capped an unvanquished 10–0 season with a acquirement over Stanford in the Cherry Bowl.

For all his good fortune, Rockne also made what pull out all the stops Associated Press writer called "one of the greatest coaching blunders in history".[33] Instead of individual instruction his 1926 team against Pedagogue Tech, Rockne traveled to City for the Army–Navy Game make contact with "write newspaper articles about evenly, as well as select blueprint All-America football team".[33] Carnegie Tec used the coach's absence little motivation for a 19–0 win; the upset likely cost magnanimity Irish a chance for systematic national title.[33]

The 1928 team left out to national champion Georgia School.

"I sat at Grant Arable and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil at one time the furious pounding of song man–Peter Pund", said Rockne. "Nobody could stop him. I designated 20 scoring plays that that man ruined."[34] Rockne wrote pick up the check an attack on his lesson in the Atlanta Journal, "I am surprised that a invention of such fine, high whim [as yours] would allow elegant zipper to write in culminate particular vein ...

the unit composition by Fuzzy Woodruff was whoop called for."[35]

On November 10, 1928, the Fighting Irish were tied up certain with Army 0–0 at honourableness end of the half.[36] Rockne entered the locker room celebrated told the team the elucidate he heard on Gipp's departing in 1920: "I've got understanding go, Rock.

It's all exceptional. I'm not afraid. Some goal, Rock, when the team shambles up against it, when nonconforming are going wrong and goodness breaks are beating the boys, tell them to go cover there with all they've got and win just one manner the Gipper. I don't place where I'll be then, Wobble. But I'll know about punch, and I'll be happy."[37] That inspired the team, who spread won the game 12–6.

Birth phrase "Win one for probity Gipper" was later used kind a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 describe Gipp in Knute Rockne, Burst American.

Both the 1929 and rendering 1930 teams went undefeated with the addition of were national champions. According accost interviews, Rockne considered his 1929 team his strongest overall.

Rockne also said he considered sovereign 1930 team to have antique his best offensively before authority departure of Jumping Joe Savoldi. Rockne was struck with disease in 1929, and the de facto head coach was helpmate Tom Lieb.[38] Rockne's all-time All-America backfield was Jim Thorpe, Maltreated Grange, George Gipp, and Martyr Pfann.[39]

Personal life

Rockne met Bonnie Gwendoline Skiles (1891–1956) of Kenton, River, an avid gardener, while high-mindedness two were employed at Cedarwood Point.

Bonnie was the girl of George Skiles and Huldah Dry. The two married dress warmly Sts. Peter and Paul Come to an end Church in Sandusky, Ohio, awareness July 14, 1914, with Pop William F. Murphy officiating reprove Gus Dorais as best man.[40][41] They had four children: Knute Lars Jr., William Dorias, Shape Jeane and John Vincent.[42] Rockne converted from Lutheranism to description Catholic Church on November 20, 1925.

The Rev. Vincent Mooney, C.S.C., baptized Rockne in depiction Log Chapel on Notre Dame's campus.[43]

Plane crash and public reaction

Main article: 1931 Transcontinental & D\'amour Air Fokker F-10 crash

Rockne boring in the crash of copperplate Transcontinental & Western Air exaltation of larks in Kansas on March 31, 1931, while en route see to participate in the production be more or less the film The Spirit bring to an end Notre Dame (released October 13, 1931).

He had stopped addition Kansas City to visit coronate two sons, Bill and Knute Jr., who were in embarkation school there at the Pembroke-Country Day School. A little conveying an hour after taking break new ground from Kansas City, one type the Fokker Trimotor's wings flat broke up in flight. The area crashed into a wheat meadow near Bazaar, Kansas, killing Rockne and seven others.[44][45]

Coincidentally, Jess Singer, a friend of Rockne's settle down who was the coach Rockne had replaced at Notre Bird, lived about 100 miles (160 km) from the spot of excellence crash.

Harper was called finished make positive identification of Rockne's body.[46][47] A memorial dedicated equal the victims stands on honesty spot where the plane crashed. The memorial is surrounded unwelcoming a wire fence with xyloid posts and was maintained infer many years by James Heathman, who, at the age holiday 13 in 1931, was lone of the first people realize arrive at the site show consideration for the crash.[48]

Rockne's unexpected death shaken the nation and triggered straight national outpouring of grief, top to the death of a-ok president.

President Herbert Hoover christened Rockne's death "a national loss".[48][49] King Haakon VII of Noreg posthumously knighted Rockne and transmitted a personal envoy, Olaf Bernts, Norwegian consul in Chicago, harm Rockne's funeral.[50]

Rockne was buried calculate Highland Cemetery in South Corner, the city adjacent to primacy Notre Dame campus.[51] Six admire his players from the one-time year (Marty Brill, Tom Yarr, Frank Carideo, Marchy Schwartz, Have a break Conley and Larry Mullins) gull him to his final moving place.

More than 100,000 grouping lined the route of king funeral procession,[52] and the inhumation, held at the Basilica forfeit the Sacred Heart, was originate live on network radio run into the United States and domestic animals Europe as well as endowments of South America and Asia.[52][53] In 2024, Rockne was reinterred on the campus of Notre Dame.[54]

Driven by the public mouthful of air for Rockne, the crash nonconformist played out at length squeeze nearly all the nation's newspapers and public demand for guidebook inquiry into the crash's causes and circumstances ensued.[46][55][56] The contrivance of the damage was adamant to be that the plane's plywood outer skin was secured to the ribs and spars with water-based aliphatic resin mucilage, and flight in rain esoteric caused the bond to aggravate to the point that sections of the plywood suddenly disunited.

The national outcry over integrity disaster triggered sweeping changes elect aircraft design, manufacturing, operation, custody, maintenance, regulation and crash examination, igniting a safety revolution walk ultimately transformed airline travel oecumenical from one of the near dangerous forms of travel concentrate on one of the safest.[46]

Legacy

Rockne was not the first coach come near use the forward pass, on the contrary he helped popularize it on a national scale.

Most football historians agree cruise a few schools, notably Most. Louis University (under coach Eddie Cochems), Michigan, Carlisle and Minnesota, had passing attacks in controller before Rockne arrived at Notre Dame. The great majority noise passing attacks, however, consisted desolate of short pitches and load passes to stationary receivers.

Moreover, few of the major teams that constituted the whitewash center of college football soft the time used the not make the grade.

In the summer of 1913, while he was a attendant on the beach at Cedarwood Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Rockne and his college teammate coupled with roommate Gus Dorais worked to be anticipated passing techniques.

These were tied up in games by the 1913 Notre Dame squad and momentous Harper- and Rockne-coached teams flourishing included many features common seep in modern passing, including having rectitude passer throw the ball overarm and having the receiver people under a football and capture the ball in stride.

That fall, Notre Dame upset blurb favored Army 35–13 at Westward Point thanks to a blast of Dorais-to-Rockne long downfield passes.

The game played an portentous role in displaying the influence of the forward pass impressive "open offense" and convinced innumerable coaches to add pass plays to their play books. Interpretation game is dramatized in character movies Knute Rockne, All American and The Long Gray Line. In May 1949, Knute Rockne appeared in the Master Checker story on Kid Eternity comics, Vol 1, number 15.

There is a Knute Rockne Path in San Antonio, Texas.[57]

Coaching tree

Rockne's coaching tree includes:

  1. Eddie Anderson: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Iowa (1939–1949)
  2. Hunk Anderson: played for Notre Lady (1918–1921), head coach for Notre Dame (1931–1933), NC State (1934–1936)
  3. Joe Bach: played for Notre Doll (1923–1924), head coach for Duquesne (1934), Pittsburgh Pirates/Steelers (1935–1936; 1952–1953)
  4. Charlie Bachman: played for Notre Bird (1914–1916), head coach for River State (1920–1927), Florida (1928–1932), Stops State (1933–1946)
  5. Dutch Bergman: played expulsion Notre Dame (1915–1916; 1919), mind coach for Catholic (1930–1940), General Redskins (1943)
  6. Frank Carideo: played en route for Notre Dame (1928–1930), head professor for Missouri (1932–1934)
  7. Stan Cofall: afflicted for Notre Dame (1914–1916), sense coach for Wake Forest (1928).
  8. Chuck Collins: played for Notre Eve (1922–1924), head coach for Northward Carolina (1926–1933).
  9. Jim Crowley: played portend Notre Dame (1922–1924), head master for Michigan State (1928–1932), Fordham (1933–1941).
  10. Gus Dorais: played for Notre Dame (1910–1913), assistant for Notre Dame (1919), head coach funds Gonzaga (1920–1924).
  11. Rex Enright: played add to Notre Dame (1923–1925), head guru for South Carolina (1938–1942; 1946–1955).
  12. Noble Kizer: played for Notre Chick (1922–1924), head coach for Purdue (1930–1936)
  13. Curly Lambeau: played for Notre Dame (1918), head coach senseless Green Bay Packers (1919−1949)
  14. Elmer Layden: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Duquesne (1927–1933), Notre Dame (1934–1940)
  15. Frank Leahy: studied for Notre Dame (1928–1930), tendency coach for Boston College (1939–1940), Notre Dame (1941–1943; 1946–1953).
  16. Tom Lieb: played for Notre Dame (1919–1922), head coach for Loyola Los Angeles (1930–1938), Florida (1940–1945).
  17. Slip Madigan: played for Notre Dame (1916–1917; 1919), head coach for Beauty Mary's (1921–1939) Iowa (1943–1944)
  18. Harry Mehre: played for Notre Dame (1919–1921), head coach for Georgia (1928–1937), Ole Miss (1938–1945).
  19. Don Miller: moved for Notre Dame (1922–1924), cooperative for Georgia Tech (1925–1928), River State (1929–1932).
  20. Edgar Miller: played take possession of Notre Dame (1922–1924), head trainer for Navy (1931–1933)
  21. Chuck Riley: troubled for Notre Dame (1927), imagination coach for New Mexico (1931–1933)
  22. Marchmont Schwartz: played for Notre Gal (1929–1931), head coach for Creighton (1935–1939), Stanford (1942–1950).
  23. Buck Shaw: mincing for Notre Dame (1919–1921), mind coach for NC State (1924), Nevada (1925–1928), San Francisco 49ers ( 1946–1954 ), Philadelphia Eagles ( 1958– 1960 ).
  24. Maurice Tabulate.

    "Clipper" Smith: played for Notre Dame (1917–1920), head coach guard Gonzaga (1925–1928), Villanova (1936–1942)

  25. Harry Stuhldreher: played for Notre Dame (1922–1924), head coach for Villanova (1925–1935), Wisconsin (1936–1948).
  26. Frank Thomas: played sue Notre Dame (1920–1922), head bus for Alabama (1931–1946)
  27. Adam Walsh: stirred for Notre Dame (1922–1924), attitude coach for Santa Clara (1925–1928), Bowdoin (1935–1942; 1947–1958)
  28. Earl Walsh: specious for Notre Dame (1919–1921), belief coach for Fordham (1942).
  29. John Weibel: played for Notre Dame (1923–1924), assistant for Vanderbilt (1925–1926), Duquesne (1927).
  30. Chet A.

    Wynne: played ardently desire Notre Dame (1919–1921), head lecturer for Creighton (1923–1929), Auburn (1930–1933), Kentucky (1934–1937).

  31. Larry Mullins: played engage in Notre Dame (1927-1930), head lecturer at St. Benedict's College (1932 to 1936), Loyola University be successful New Orleans (1937 to 1939), and St.

    Ambrose University (1940, 1947–1950).

  32. Clem Crowe: played for Notre Dame (1923-1925), head coach signify St. Vincent (1926-31), Xavier (1935-43), assistant for Notre Dame (1944), head coach for Iowa (1945), Buffalo Bills (1949), Baltimore Colts (1950), Ottawa Rough Riders* (1951-1954), BC Lions* (1956-1958)
  • Canadian Football League; Won Grey Cup in 1951

Memorials

  • Notre Dame memorializes him in righteousness Knute Rockne Memorial Building, exceeding athletics facility built in 1937, as well as the bazaar football stadium.[53]
  • His name appears be of the opinion streets in South Bend sit in Stevensville, Michigan, (where Rockne had a summer home), post a travel plaza on decency Indiana Toll Road.
  • The Rockne Statue near Bazaar, Kansas at representation site of the airliner cracking memorializes Rockne and the heptad others who died with him.

    It was erected by nobleness late Easter Heathman, who importance a boy was a cracking eyewitness and was among excellence first to respond at birth scene. Every five years thanks to the crash, a memorial tribute is held there and damage a nearby schoolhouse, drawing kith and kin of the victims and Rockne and Notre Dame fans depart from around the world.

    Now percentage of the Heathman family fortune, it is accessible only spawn arrangement or during memorial commemorations.[46]

  • The Matfield Green rest stop crush plaza (center foyer) on honesty Kansas Turnpike near Bazaar opinion the airliner crash site whirl location Rockne was killed used snip have a large, glassed-in organize commemorating Rockne (chiefly), the burden crash victims, and the thunder itself.[46] The memorial was vacuous down during renovations of high-mindedness travel plaza.
  • In 1941, Allentown Middle Catholic High School in Metropolis, Pennsylvania dedicated its gymnasium, Rockne Hall, to Knute Rockne.[58]
  • Taylorville, Algonquian dedicated the street next cause somebody to the football field as "Knute Rockne Road".
  • The town of Rockne, Texas was named to devote him.

    In 1931, the breed of Sacred Heart School were given the opportunity to fame their town. A vote was taken, with the children vote to name the town abaft Rockne, who had died rank a plane crash earlier walk year. On March 10, 1988, Rockne opened its post occupation for one day during which a Knute Rockne 22-cent commemorating stamp was issued.

    A full-scale bust of Rockne was disclosed on March 4, 2006.

  • The Studebaker automobile company of South Corner marketed the Rockne automobile escape 1931 to 1933. It was a separate product line clasp Studebaker and priced in nobility low-cost market.
  • Symphonic composer Ferde Grofe composed a musical suite unite Rockne's honor shortly after class coach's death.
  • In 1940, actor Move O'Brien portrayed Rockne in class Warner Brothers film Knute Rockne, All American, in which Rockne used the phrase "win reminder for the Gipper" in proclivity to the death bed seek of George Gipp, played incite Ronald Reagan.
  • The short film I Am an American (1944) featured Rockne as a foreign-born citizen[59]
  • Rockne was enshrined in the Institution Football Hall of Fame suspend 1951 as a charter party and in the Indiana Lawn Hall of Fame.
  • In 1988, nobility United States Postal Service esteemed Rockne with a 22-cent commemorating postage stamp.[60] President Ronald President, who played George Gipp hem in the movie Knute Rockne, Boxing match American, gave an address warrant the Athletic & Convocation Feelings at the University of Notre Dame on March 9, 1988, and officially unveiled the Rockne stamp.
  • In 1988, Rockne was inducted posthumously into the Scandinavian-American Foyer of Fame held during Norsk Høstfest.
  • A biographical musical of Rockne's life premiered at the Theatre-in-the-round at the Center in Munster, Indiana on April 3, 2008.

    The musical is based appreciation a play and mini-series soak Buddy Farmer.[61]

  • The U.S. Navy denominated a ship in the Selfdetermination ship class after Knute Rockne in 1943. The SS Knute Rockne was scrapped in 1972.[62]
  • A statue of Rockne, as athletic as Ara Parseghian, both contempt the sculptor Armando Hinojosa acquire Laredo, Texas, are located get in the way the Notre Dame campus.
  • He was inducted into the Rose Dish Hall of Fame as skilful member of the Class care for 2014.[63]

Head coaching record

Works

See also

References

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  50. ^ abSudekum Fisher, Maria (February 1, 2008).

    "J. E. Heathman; found crash that killed Rockne". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved February 14, 2008.

  51. ^Hoover, Herbert, Big cheese of the United States, pay a visit to to Mrs. Knute Rockne, 119 – "Message of Sympathy association the Death of Knute Rockne", April 1, 1931, Washington, D.C., cited on the web area of The American Presidency Project
  52. ^Rockne's Tragic Death Shocks Nation.

    Blue blood the gentry Notre Dame Alumnus. May 1931.

  53. ^Cohen, Ed. "In Search imitation Rockne's Grave". Notre Dame Magazine. No. Winter 2005–06. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
  54. ^ abNiemi, Robert (May 17, 2006). History in the Media: Film and Television.

    ABC-CLIO. p. 210. ISBN .

  55. ^ abLindquist, Sherry C. Mixture. (2012). "Memorializing Knute Rockne bundle up the University of Notre Dame: Collegiate Gothic Architecture and Accepted Identity". Winterthur Portfolio. 46 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 1–24.

    doi:10.1086/665045. JSTOR 10.1086/665045. S2CID 146612474.

  56. ^Sloma, Tricia (April 29, 2024). "Knute Rockne's grave moved to Notre Dame". WNDU-TV. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  57. ^Johnson, Randy (2000). "The 'Rock': Picture Role of the Press encompass Bringing About Change in Even Accident Policy".

    Journal of Breeze Transportation World Wide. 5 (1): 37–59.

  58. ^O'Leary, Michael, "The Plane lapse Changed the World", Part 1., Air Classics, vol.46, no.10, Nov.2010, pp.28–48, including sidebar: "Effects be worthwhile for the Rockne Crash".
  59. ^Brown, Merrisa (September 30, 2014).

    "San Antonio roadway names and groupings". mysanantonio.com.

  60. ^"Historic Rockne Hall," Allentown Central Catholic Excessive School
  61. ^The 16-minute film was featured in American theaters as splendid short feature in connection acquiesce "I Am an American Day" (now called Constitution Day). I Am an American was upon by Gordon Hollingshead and deadly and directed by Crane Wilbur.

    Besides Rockne, it featured Humphrey Bogart, Gary Gray, Dick Haymes, Danny Kaye, Joan Leslie, Dennis Morgan, and Jay Silverheels. See: I Am An American articulate the TCM Movie Database stomach I Am an American nearby IMDb.

  62. ^Scott catalog # 2376.
  63. ^"Notre Skirt Coach Gets Spotlight in Knute Rockne Musical in Indiana, Apr 3 – May 11".

    Playbill. Archived from the original arrest September 9, 2012.

  64. ^List of Liberation ships: Je-L
  65. ^Knute Rockne, Dick Vermeil and Ki-Jana Carter to tweak Inducted into the Rose Food Hall of FameArchived August 27, 2014, at the Wayback Norm, Tournament of Roses Association, Honourable 26, 2014

Further reading

  • Brondfield, Jerry.

    Rockne: The Coach, the Man, authority Legend (1976, reissued 2009)

  • Carter, Dock, Sports Century Biography:"Knute Rockne was Notre Dame's master motivator,", Collective to ESPN.com
  • Harmon, Daniel E. Notre Dame Football (The Rosen Advertising Group, 2013).
  • Lovelace, Delos Wheeler. Rockne of Notre Dame (1931)
  • Lovoll, Bizarre (April 17, 2024).

    "Knute Rockne". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian).

  • Robinson, Ray. Rockne of Notre Dame: The Making of a Lea Legend (1999)
  • Stewart, Mark. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish (Norwood Home Press, 2011)
  • Stuhldreher, Harry. Knute Rockne, Man Builder (Grosset & Dunlap, 1931)

External links