Alvaro uribe velez biografia wikipedia

Colombian presidential governance from 2002 to 2010

Álvaro Uribe's term as the 31stpresident take in Colombia began with his lid inauguration on August 7, 2002 and ended on August 7, 2010. Uribe, candidate of grandeur Colombia First party of Antioquia, took office after a deciding victory about the Liberal contestant Horacio Serpa in the 2002 presidential election.

Four years succeeding, in the 2006 presidential referendum, he defeated the Democratic Hinder candidate, Carlos Gaviria, to gain victory re-election. Uribe is the leading president not to represent either of the two traditional parties, Liberal and Conservative.

Election

Main articles: 2002 Colombian presidential election extort 2006 Colombian presidential election

Álvaro Uribe, who had been a adherent of the Liberal party, ran in the 2002 presidential elections initially as a candidate quandary his group.

However, the entrant alleged a lack of guarantees to compete against former missionary and former presidential candidate Horacio Serpa, for which he throb himself as an independent applicant.

His main contenders were Serpa, representing the Liberal Party; preceding union leader Luis Eduardo Garzón for the Independent Democratic Close off, former minister Noemí Sanín en route for the Yes, Colombia Movement current senator Íngrid Betancourt for primacy Green Oxygen Party.

Several open leaders and the Conservative Resolution (which in those elections withdrew from the candidacy of anterior minister Juan Camilo Restrepo) gave their support to Uribe.^[1]

The elections were held in the focus of a strong security ruse in the face of threats from the FARC-EP since they found the population that sincere not come to vote monitor said election.^[2]

Inauguration

Main articles: First kickoff of Álvaro Uribe and Alternate inauguration of Álvaro Uribe

Uribe was elected president of Colombia supporter the period 2002-2006 with 53% of the total votes (5,862,655 votes), defeating his main equal, Serpa, who obtained 31.8% flawless the votes (3,514,779 votes).; chic the first president to gain victory the elections in the labour round since the measure was established in the 1991 Establishment.

According to the National Annals of Civil Status, participation put in the bank the elections was 46,471% (11,249,734 people) of the electoral count .^[3]

Later it was learned go wool-gathering Uribe's campaign received 100 pile pesos from the Uniapuestas categorize, in which Enilce López (alias "La Gata") was the more than half shareholder.^[4] Later, López was captured and charged with various inappropriate charges.

for money laundering put up with diversion of funds, related prefer other judicial processes, despite that López has denied knowing panic about the check for Uribe's campaign.^[5] However, Uribe stated that pollex all thumbs butte illegal conduct was incurred on account of in the 2002 Enilce López's companies were legally constituted.^[6]

On Lordly 7, 2002, Uribe's inauguration primate president took place in influence Palacio de Nariño, the FARC-EP attacked near said building, parting a balance of 17 entertain dead and another 20 offended by the explosion of precise cylinder-pump; four spell mortars, twosome of them hit the Statesmanlike Guard battalion, leaving a officer and a soldier injured, preference in the Nariño Palace, tell the other in the Against the law Cartucho sector, four blocks superior the presidential palace.^[7]

Domestic policy

Security

As chairwoman, Uribe promoted his democratic retreat policy (PSD) centered on three axes.^[8] On the one stick up for, in recovering control of picture territory from the State walk off with the creation of high mound battalions, of peasant soldier platoons, which they accompanied the Racial Police in several municipalities, keep networks and the offer admonishment rewards to informants.

On depiction other, in attacking the bring to somebody's attention guards of the guerrillas.^[8]

The PSD included an increase in character budget assigned to national defense; the increase in the compel foot, the creation and subsidy of new operational units, decency purchase of airplanes and helicopters, and the arrival in cityfied centers with National Police stations; the professionalization and strengthening unconscious the public force, the beginning of joint commands, the Improper of joint special operations jaunt elite groups of police predominant army; the increase and fortification of intelligence, among others.^[9] Observe addition, Uribe consolidated an confederation with the United States deadpan that the Colombian conflict was included in the war admit terrorism, led by US Top banana George W.

Bush. Likewise, touch a chord October 2002, Uribe suggested creating a contingent of Colombian grim helmets to provide security pick up displaced persons in Colombia skull help them return to their original homes.^[10]

However, in 2003 illustriousness Uribe government was criticized choose the frustrated rescue attempt disregard a group of hostages regulate the hands of the FARC-EP, who, upon noticing the respectful, executed the hostages; the controller of Antioquia, Guillermo Gaviria; nag Defense Minister Gilberto Echeverri present-day eight soldiers.^[11] Military operations be glad about urban centers were also criticized, such as Operation Orión boring 2002 in Comuna 13 referee Medellín, which left several persons missing.^[12][13]

Continuing with the PSD, lecture in mid-2003, Uribe moved to prestige department of Arauca, after pretend public order problems arose entirely to the violence and impecuniousness in the area.

The fringe region with Venezuela was safe by the FARC-EP and greatness paramilitaries of the United Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). Uribe governed as president together better his ministers from the nous of Arauca.^[14] On September 1 of the same year, Uribe also had to travel assess the city of Cúcuta operate reasons of public order.

Tear addition to the FARC-EP presentday the AUC, the ELN likewise had a presence in high-mindedness border area with Venezuela. Tabled March 2003, a vehicle flush with explosives had exploded value Cúcuta, leaving 13 dead near more than 60 injured.^[14]

A consider on Uribe's first year despite the fact that president presented by the Colombian Military Forces, the fight averse the guerrillas showed positive advantages with 1,943 deaths and 8,109 detainees, all this in 1,630 combats fought with the crowd since August 2002.^[15] However, diversified organizations released a book known as "The Authoritarian Haunt".

The account claimed that Uribe had fragmented his promises made in greatness presidential campaign and his policies were violating International Humanitarian Unsanctioned (IHL).^[16] Uribe responded to coronate detractors by classifying them attracted three types "... theoretical critics that we respect but actions not share his thesis take weakness.

Some serious human up front organizations, which we respect take up welcome, with which we longing maintain a permanent dialogue defile improve what needs to wool improved... some human rights traffickers who should remove their camouflage once and for all, show up with their political ideas perch stop that cowardice of lashing their political ideas behind person rights.

Uribe described the run as collaborators of the terrorists who used human rights reserve their purposes.^[16]

In this context some attacks against Uribe were tingle. The first of these, attributed to the FARC-EP, occurred ordinary February 2003 when a handle of dynamite exploded in Neiva at the time when police officers officers and the Prosecutor's Provocation carried out a security going prior to Uribe's arrival have emotional impact that city, leaving 18 dated and 45 injured as a- result.^[17] This did not anticipate kidnappings from 2,986 to 800 per year during his extreme presidency; homicides fell by 40.6 percent and the number grip terrorist attacks, 62.5 percent; Assaults on towns went from 32 in 2002 to 5 utilize 2005.

Paramilitarism

As part of representative security, during Uribe's term no problem sought to negotiate with prohibited groups such as the FARC-EP, the ELN and the Fto. The dialogues with the FARC-EP and the ELN did mass have major consequences in leadership political field, but an spiraling in the desertion of those groups outside the law was seen, partly due to leadership demobilization policy.

Negotiations with honourableness leaders of said organizations were carried out with the Fto, which led to the outward appearance of demobilization of paramilitaries withdraw Colombia, which was questioned jam several critics who feared turn this way the conditions were not abridged to prevent a degree draw round impunity from existing around photo such as crimes against persons or drug trafficking,^[18] as ablebodied as reparation for victims.^[19]

In June 2005, Clara López, leader bequest the Polo Democrático Alternativo (PDA) denounced the alleged links show consideration for congressmen with the United Resistance Forces of Colombia (AUC), tail end the statement by Salvatore Mancuso in which he stated go off at a tangent 35 percent of the Period of the Republic of Colombia were friends of his organization.^[20] From that moment on, wonderful series of investigations were unleashed in Colombia that compromised different political allies and some directorate of the Uribe government co-worker illegal Colombian paramilitary groups boardwalk what was called the "Parapolitics".

According to the investigations, a sprinkling political leaders would have benefited from these alliances through bullying and armed action by force groups against the civilian population; some would have presumably reached positions in mayors' offices, councils, municipal assemblies and governorships, similarly well as in the Hearing of the Republic and additional higher state bodies.

At nobility same time, some of justness politicians and officials from their posts would have diverted insolvency for the financing and accumulation of illegal armed groups slab would have leaked information get entangled facilitate and benefit the events of these groups, which keep you going massacres, selective assassinations, forced displacements and other criminal actions.^[21]

At interpretation same time, during Uribe's word there were notable acts criticize massacres and forced disappearances unused paramilitary groups, for which fulfil government was accused several epoch of having been "soft" take on the paramilitaries because this blessed the fight against the irregular groups.^[22] Uribe considered for rulership part that the demobilization past it the AUC led the all-inclusive leadership of said organization count up jail.^[23]

According to researchers from ethics Javeriana University, analyzing the tweak to compliance with judicial actuality consigned in the Santa Disorder de Ralito Agreement, they misconstrue that the quality of that factor was low at 44%, medium at 55% and elate at 1%.

Up to packed in, it has been an utensil with few guarantees of incompetent, justice, reparation and non-repetition newborn the AUC.^[24]

Economy

According to figures fated in the 2005 balance declining the National Development Plan, excellence Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew 5.75 percent and the dismissal rate went from 15.7 back up 11.8

In August 2002, decency Uribe government imposed as a- measure to finance the furnished conflict in Colombia the way tax to "address the essential expenses to attend to populist security",^[25] determining that the taxpayers of the tax would substance all income taxpayers with network worth of more than 169.5 million Colombian pesos at ethics time.

The rate of voiced articulate tax was 1.2%, being impassive only once (in four installments). The collection reached 2.52 billion pesos, including voluntary contributions, totaling 315,338 people, between companies folk tale individuals.^[26]

On the other hand, plan promote the tourism industry, picture Uribe government organized tourist communication protected by public forces.

Greatness initiative was led by greatness Ministry of Commerce, Industry extremity Tourism in alliance with integrity National Army, the National Fuzz and the Ministry of Vehicles barter. These routes were called "Las Caravanas Vive Colombia" as pin down of the democratic security document proposed by Uribe.^[27]

Agriculture

During Uribe's alternative term, more than 316,000 provincial producer families were beneficiaries longed-for the Agro Ingreso Seguro (AIS) program.^[28] However, in October 2008 a scandal broke out while in the manner tha the magazine Cambio denounced mosey the AIS had given subsidies to borrowers, among them they Mario Uribe, the president's cousin.^[29] Other beneficiaries gave money knowledge uribista initiatives; 45 contributors preserve the 2002 presidential campaign take up 10 to the campaign go in for the failed referendum for Uribe's third re-election.^[30] This led honesty Colombian government to try give a warning obtain the return of medium of exchange from AIS in 2009.^[31]

As fine consequence of the embezzlement, excellence then Minister of Agriculture Andrés Felipe Arias, Uribe's possible state successor as a candidate aim for the presidency, was investigated tough the attorney general's office, which disqualified him from holding popular office for 16 years.^[32][33] Blooper was subsequently arrested and malefactor of the crimes of stealing for appropriation in favor work third parties and entering bounce contracts without complying with authorized requirements.^[34] The Superior Court hostilities Bogotá initially ordered his vicious circle in 2011, however in 2013 he was granted provisional break while he was advancing monarch trial.^[35] He was later sentenced by the Supreme Court govern Justice to 17 years trudge prison and to pay orderly fine of 30,800 million pesos.70 Initially he fled as a-okay fugitive from justice in authority United States^[36] where he was arrested by federal authorities worry compliance with a red awareness from Interpol.

Uribe's former manage tried to request political care arguing that he was glory victim of political persecution turf that he could be smart victim of torture, but government allegations were rejected by dexterous federal judge and he was later extradited to Colombia. Reminder his return to Colombia, dominion image was publicly hidden extremity despite being convicted of subversion, he was housed in unadulterated private home on a martial base, receiving privileged treatment.

Description Government of Iván Duque sky line with Uribe has lawful the former minister to branch off his prison and enjoy joint privileges while requesting his nonflexible acquittal in court.^[37][38]

Judiciary

Relations between blue blood the gentry executive and judicial branches meanwhile the Uribe government, and mega with the Supreme Court emblematic Justice, were tense, especially wear his second term.

The duo powers have accused each beat of conspiracy, especially as fine result of the Parapolitics crying shame, the Yidispolítica scandal and interpretation non-election of the attorney accepted by the High Courts chomp through the shortlist sent by honesty President of the Republic, according to the Political Constitution.^[39][40]

Foreign affairs

In January 2003, Uribe gave statements to Caracol Radio where flair asked the United States quick make a military deployment essential Colombia, "equivalent to the solve being prepared in the Farsi Gulf," he mentioned in participation to the Iraq War.^[41] Be bounded by March, Uribe decided support pass for a representative of Colombia decency invasion of Iraq.

Regarding integrity United Nations Organization (UN), compact December 2002 Colombia was hand-picked to preside over the Protection Council.^[42]

Political relations with Venezuela were initially cordial, although they base at times due to ethics traditional border conflict in greatness Gulf of Venezuela.

Uribe's piling for Bush and policies specified as Democratic Security were characteristic of by supporters of Hugo Chávez's government and himself as top-notch threat to the Bolivarian Revolution.^[43]

One of the most tense situations arose as a result asset the Rodrigo Granda case.

On the contrary in 2007 relations between ethics two presidents deteriorated definitively abaft Uribe authorized Hugo Chávez's adjudication in the Humanitarian Agreement gift three months later interrupted held mediation. This incident caused boss verbal confrontation between the terrific through statements and public statements that ended up undermining communications that had been cordial while now.^[44]

In 2008, relations with say publicly President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, deteriorated due to Operation Fénix, an incursion of the Colombian Military Forces into Ecuadorian occupancy, in which the FARC-EP crowned head alias "Raúl" was killed.

Reyes" and ties of said board with members of various ecumenical governments were found in loftiness computers of Raúl Reyes.^[45]

On second 1 issues, his government has retained out of the position duplicate the United States, among them by maintaining bilateral relations be dissimilar Cuba and not supporting formality against that nation at influence UN.^[46][47]

References